1、初中英语动词用法学习指导初中英语动词用法学习指导17(动词语态)(2009-12-09 11:03:24)转载标签：音乐教育被动语态动词语态 分类：英语教学 第二章 动词语态一、动词语态的定义及分类语态是动词的一种形式，它用来表示句中主语同谓语动词之间的关系。英语有两种语态， 主动语态和被动语态，主动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的承受者。例如：1.I have repaired the radio. 我修好了收音机。（主动语态）The radio has been repaired. 收音机被修好了。（被动语态）2.The students cleaned
2、 the classroom. 学生们打扫了教室。（主动语态）The classroom was cleaned by the students. 教室被学生们打扫了。（被动语态）3.They will build some buildings in two years.两年后他们将要建一些大楼。（主动语态）Some buildings will be built in two years.两年后将要建一些大楼。（被动语态）二、被动语态的构成： 动词被动语态由“助动词be +动词过去分词”构成，它有各种时态的变化，动词被动语态的时态变化是通过助动词be的时态变化来完成的。初中阶段我们重点掌握一
3、般现在时、一般过去时及情态动词的被动语态构成及用法，并对其他时态的被动语态构成及用法有大致的了解。一般现在时被动语态构成：am(is, are)+动词过去分词一般过去时被动语态构成：was(were)+ 动词过去分词一般将来被动语态构成：will be+动词过去分词过去将来时被动语态构成：would +动词过去分词32现在完成时被动语态构成：have/has been+动词过去分词过去完成时被动语态构成：had been+动词过去分词现在进行时被动语态构成：am/is/are+being+动词过去分词过去进行时被动语态构成：was/were+动词过去分词情态动词被动语态构成：情态动词+be+动
4、词过去分词(情态动词有时态变化)三、主动语态变成被动语态的方法1.将主动语态改为被动语态应注意以下三个方面：将主动语态的宾语改为被动语态的主语；将主动语态的谓语动词改为“be过去分词”结构；将主动语态的主语改为介词by之后的宾语，放在谓语动词之后（有时可省略）。I made the cakes last night. The cakes were made by me last night.2.含直接宾语和间接宾语的主动语态改为被动语态时有两种情况：把间接宾语改为被动语态的主语，直接宾语仍保留原位；把直接宾语改为主动语态的主语，此时，间接宾语前要加介词to或 for。如：He gave the
5、 boy an appleThe boy was given an apple（或An apple was given to the boy）Her father bought her a presentShe was bought a present by her father（或A present was bought for her by her father）3.不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的主动语态，改为被动语态时不定式前要加to。如：They watched the children sing that morningThe children were watched to s
6、ing that morning 4.带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时，一般把主动语态的宾语改为主语，宾语补足语在被动语态中作主语补 足语。如：We call him Xiao WangHe is called Xiao Wang He33cut his hair shortHis hair was cut shortThey told him to help meHe was told to help me5.短语动词是不可分割的整体，改为被动语态时要保持其完整性，介词或副词不可遗漏。如：We must take good care of the young treesThe young t
7、rees must be taken good care of6.含有宾语从句的主动结构变为被动结构时，通常用it作为被动结构的先行主语，从句放在句子后面；也可采用另一种形式。可以这样转换为被动结构的动词有know，say，believe，find，think，report等。如：People believe that he is illIt is believed that he is ill（或：He is believed to be ill）四被动语态改为主动语态的方法：被动语态中介词by后的宾语改为主动语态中的主语（或按题意要求确定主语），按照这个主语的人称和数以及原来的时态把谓语动
8、词形式由被动语态改为主动语态。注意在主动语态中有的动词要求不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语，此时要把被动语态中的to去掉。被动语态的主语用来作主动语态的宾语。如：History is made by the people The people make history五、被动语态的应用1.不知道谁是谓语动词动作的执行者时，或者没有必要说出谁是执行者时。 The glass was broken last night.玻璃昨天被打破了。 His bike has been stolen. 他的自行车被偷了。 He was asked to go there once more. 他被要求再去那儿
9、一次。 The bag was put into the box.袋子放在了箱子里。 2.为了强调或突出动作的承受者时。 The plan has been sent to the headmaster. 计划已经送给校长了。34Kilinton was elected the President of U.S.A.克林顿被选为美国总统。 Five people were hurt in the explosion.五个人在这次爆炸中受伤。 A new building was set up in a short time.新大楼短期就建成了。3.被动语态也可以说出动作的执行者，构成如下：动作
10、承受者 + be + 过去分词 + by + 动作执行者。 The picture was praised by everybody.照片得到了大家的好评。 The classroom was cleaned by us.教室被我们打扫过。 The bridge was built by workers from Shanxi. 这座桥是山西的工人建的。 The little boy was found by the police.小孩被警察找到了。 注：不能用于被动语态的情况某些表示“静态”的及物动词（表示状态而不是动作，而且常常是不可用于进行时态的动词）如have，fit，suit，hol
11、d（容纳），cost， suffer，last（持续）等不能用于被动语态。如： They have a nice car他们有一辆漂亮的汽车。 My shoes dont fit me我的鞋不合适。 My brain cant hold so much information at one time我的脑子一下子记不住这么多资料。 How much What does it cost？这值多少钱？ Our holiday lasts 10days我们的假期有十天。 This food will last（them）（for）3days这食物足够（他们）（吃）三天。 动词leave（离开），en
12、ter（进入），join（参加）不35可用于被动语态。如： The car left the road and hit a tree车子离开了道路，撞上了树。某些及物动词可作不及物动词用，特别是后加副词（如well， easily等）时。主动语态有被动含义，这类动词常见的有sell，write， wear，wash，cook，open，close，lock，read，record，act，break，catch，cut，clean，drive，draw， let，open，write，wash，wear等等。如： His new novel is selling well他的新小说很畅销。Th
13、e cloth washes well这布很耐洗。 This material wont wear这种材料不耐穿。 His play wont act他的戏剧不会上演。 The window wont shut这窗关不上。 The door wont open这门打不开。 The door wont lock这门锁不上。 This poem reads well这首诗读来很好。 feel，look，appear，sound，taste，smell等由实意动词演变而来的系动词，后接形容词作表语，不可用于被动语态。如： Tell me if you feel cold你要是感到冷就告诉我。 You
14、re looking very unhappywhats the matter？你看来很不高兴怎么回事儿？ The soup tastes wonderful这汤味道好极了。 Those roses smell beautiful那些玫瑰好闻极了。 She appears to be friendly她看上去很友好。 宾语是不定式或动词的-ing形式时，不可用于被动语态。如： Peter hoped to meet her彼得希望遇见她。 Mr Smith enjoyed seeing his daughter史密斯先生喜欢看他的女儿。 宾语是反身代词或相互代词时，不可用于被动语态。如： 36
15、She can dress herself她可以自己穿衣服。 We could hardly see each other in the fog在雾中我们彼此几乎看不见。 宾语是同源宾语时，不可用于被动语态。如： They live a happy life他们过着幸福的生活。 The girl dreamed a sweet dream 那女孩做了个甜美的梦。 宾语带有与主语有照应关系的物主代词时，不可用于被动语态。如： The old man broke his（the old mans）legs那老人把自己的腿弄断了。 The girl shook her（the girls）head那
16、女孩摇了摇头。第三章 动词非谓语形式顾名思义，非者不也，动词非谓语形式(也称非限定动词)在句子中不单独用作谓语,不随句子主语的人称和数的变化而变化,但它可以用作其他句子成份。动词非谓语形式有三种,它们是:动词不定式、动名词和分词,在初中阶段，我们主要学习动词不定式及动名词的部分用法。 第一节 动词不定式 to+动词原形表示动词不定式，不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作。to+动词原形构成动词不定式，不定式在句子中可作主语、宾语、表语、状语、宾语补足语等。 一、动词不定式作主语不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作，动词不定式做主语时往往用形式主语it代替，而把真正的主语动词不定式放在句末。例如：1
17、.To give is better than to receive.(Its better to give than to receive.)给比拿好。(分析：give是一个动词，在句子中要做谓语，但在“给比拿好”这个句子中，给要做主语，而动词不能做主语，所以这时应把动词转化成它的非谓语形式，用动词不定式做主语。)2.To learn English well is very easy.(Its easy to learn English well.)学好英语是容易的。3.To ride a horse is very interesting.(Its interesting to ride
18、 a horse.)骑马是很有趣的。4.To laugh is better than to cry.(Its better to laugh is better than to cry.)笑比哭好。注1：It takes somebody some time to do something 句型中动词38不定式作主语。例句：To go to school by bike takes me ten minutes every day.(It takes me ten minutes by bike every day.)每天骑自行车上学校花费我10分钟的时间。注2. 当不定式作主语的句子中又有
19、一个不定式作表语时，不能用形式主语代替。例句：(对)To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。(错)It is to believe to see.注3.Its for sb to do sth 与Its of sb to do sth 的区别。例句：Its very kind of you to help us.他帮助我们，他真好。Its very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesti
20、ng, impossible等。例句：Its very nice for me to talk to you like this.Its very interesting for him to do this kind thing.of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right， rude, brave, stupid, silly, selfish等。例句:It was silly of us to believe him.我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。It seemed selfish
21、of him not to give them anything.他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。for 与of 的辨别方法：用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如：Its very kind of you to help others(You are kind.通顺，所以应用of)。Its very hard for him to be the best in his class. ( He is hard.人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。)二、动词不定式作宾语39动词不定式做宾语常常用在下列动词的后面，如want, nee
22、d, begin, start, agree, plan, refuse, hope, decide, promise, pretend, afford, manger, intend等。例句：1.I want to take some books to the library.我想把一些书带到图书馆。2.They need to plant some trees around the lake.他们需要在湖边种树。3.She started to climb the hill at once.她立刻开始爬山。4.I decide to do my homework at night.我决定晚
23、上做作业。5.He hopes to be a soldier when she grows up.我希望长大后当兵。注：动词不定式作宾语后接形容词作宾语补足语时，常常用形式宾语it 代替，而把真正的主语动词不定式放在句末。例句：1.He find it too hard to get to sleep.他发现入睡很难。2.iI find it important to learn English well.我发现学好英语很重要。3.I think it necessary for us to learn to wait.我认为对我们来说学会等待很有必要。 三、动词不定式作表语动词不定式作表语
24、时，一般放在系动词be, seem的后面。不定式作表语常表示将来的动作，主语常常是表示意向、打算、计划的词，如wish, idea, task, job等. 例句：1.My job is to feed the animals.我的工作是饲养动物。2.His work is to sell computers to other countries.他的工作是把电脑卖给其他国家。3.His uncle seems to be very happy.他的叔叔看起开很高兴。4.It seems to rain.天好象要下雨了。5.My wish is to be a doctor.我的愿望是当医生。
25、 四、动词不定式作状语1.动词不定式作状语表原因40例句：I am sorry to hear that.She is very happy to see her husband.How glad he is to visit China again! 2. 动词不定式作状语表结果动词不定式作状语表结果时常用于tooto, enough to句型中，并与sothat句型相换用。例句：He is too weak to lift the heavy box.He is old enough to go to school. 在肯定句中，enough to句型与sothat句型相换用。例句：He
26、is so strong that he can move the box. He is strong enough to move the box.She runs so fast that she can catch up with the boy. She runs fast enough to catch up with the boy.当sothat句型中主句与从句中主语不一致在换成enough to句型时，常用for 连接动词不定式的逻辑主语，同时省略动词不定式的逻辑宾语，因为enough to连接的是一个简单句，这一点和汉语习惯一致。例句：The box is so light
27、that I can move it away. The box is light enough for me to move away.The boy ran so slowly that the girl could catch up with him. The boy ran slowly enough for the girl to catch up with. 在否定句中，tooto, enough to句型与sothat句型三者相换用。在换成enough to句型时一是变成否定形式，二是把句中的形容词或副词变成它的反义词。例句：He runs so slowly that he c
28、ant catch up with the girl. He runs too slowly to catch up with the girl. He doesnt run quickly enough catch up with the girl.She is so young that he cant go to school. She is too young to go to school.41She runs so fast that he cant catch up with her. She runs too fast for him to catch up with. She
29、 doesnt run slowly enough for him to catch up with.The box is so heavy that he cant lift it. The box is too heavy for him to lift. The box isnt light enough for him to lift.3.动词不定式作状语表目的动词不定式作状语表目的时，常常与for连接的表示目的的介词短语相换用。例句：I will go to the shop to buy a pen. I will go to the shop for a pen.She went
30、 home to have breakfast.She went home for breakfast.They landed on the island to get some bananas. They landed on the island for some bananas.He went out to walk. He went out for a walk.Well go to the airport to meet the foreigners. Well go to the airport for meeting the foreigners.They tried their
31、best to do their homework.The old man was in the city to visit his daughter.What was the old man in this city to do?He is standing there to wait for his wife. What is he standing there to do?We cant afford to buy tickts to the concert.五、动词不定式作定语1.由only, first, last, next, 序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式作定语。例句：The best time to come to China is in spring or autumn.Mr Dong is always the first one to arrive at t
