1、高中英语语法之定语从句定语从句 语法归纳及练习一、语法知识归纳基本概念（一） 定语从句在复合句中作定语，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。（二） 先行词被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。一般情况下，定语从句紧跟先行词。但也有因各种原因定语从句与先行词被分割的现象。（三）关系代词和关系副词定语从句的引导词。与先行词关系密切，因此紧跟先行词，并在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系代词有：who, whom, which, that和whose, 另外，as也可充当关系代词。关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。关系副词有：when, where和why。在定语从句中充当状语。小总结：关系词的作用有哪
2、些？二、关系代词的用法（一）基本用法根据先行词的不同，和在从句中所充当的成分不同，选用不同的关系代词。如下表：关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系代词who人主语，宾语Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用thatwhom人宾语Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am workingThe boy (whom) she loved died in the war.whose人，物定语I lik
3、e those books whose topics are about history.The boy whose father works abroad is my classmate. that人，物主语，宾语A plane is a machine that can fly.She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.which物主语，宾语The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.The picture which was about the accident was terrible.
4、as人，物主语，宾语He is such a person as is respected by all of us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as做宾语一般不省略例如：（注意关系代词在定语从句中所充当的成分） Do you know the professor who/that will give us a speech next week? （_） I read a report about his new novel that/ which will soon be published. （_） The plan that/whi
5、ch they argued about was settled at last. （_） This is the new secretary (who/whom/that) I would like to introduce to you. （_） The soldier whose legs were badly wounded was operated on without delay. （_）注意：关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语时可以省略，充当主语时则不能。（见上例）（二）关系代词that代替which的一些情况which, that 在代替物时，一般可以通用。但在有些情况下，只用 th
6、at。(1)先行词是最高级形容词或它的前面有最高级形容词修饰时。例如： This is the best that has been used against pollution. English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years. 先行词是序数词，或它前面有一个序数词时。例如： This is the last place (that) I want to visit. It is the first American movie of this kind that Ive ever se
7、en. 先行词是 all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等代词时。例如： You should hand in all that you have. We havent got much that we can offer you. 先行词前面有the only, the very, any, few, little, no, all, much, every等修饰时。例如： The only thing that we can do is to give you some money. The lit
8、tle money (that) he had was stolen.(5)以which或who开头的问句 例如：Who is the man that is standing over there?（6） 先行词既有人又有物时。例如： Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about? The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station.（7） 主句已有疑问词who 或which时。例如： Which
9、 is the bike that you lost? Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting?（三）宜用who, 而不用that的一些情况 先行词是one, ones, anyone时。例如： One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth. Dont tell anyone about the news who shouldnt to know it.先行词是those时。例如： Those who were not fit for their work
10、 could not see the beautiful clothes made of the magic cloth.（四）与whose有关的问题 whose是代词的所有格，它既可以代人也可以代物。例如： I saw a woman whose bag was stolen. Please show me the book whose cover is red. 当whose表示物与物的所有格关系时，亦可用of which的形式。例如： The building ,whose roof is red, will be a new restaurant. The building, the
11、roof of which is red ,will be a new restaurant.或 The building, of which the roof is red ,will be a new restaurant.三、介词前提的问题关系代词在定语从句中充当介词宾语时，介词可以前提至关系代词前。例如：Have you seen the pen (which) I wrote the note with just now? （which作介词with的宾语）Have you seen the pen with which I wrote the note just now? 但是，要
12、注意的是： 介词前提后，先行词是人或物，关系代词分别只能用whom和which，而不再用that或who。 介词前提后，关系代词不再能省略。 有些含有介词的短语动词中的介词不能前提，如：look for, look after, take care of等。例如：错误：Who is the old man to that you were talking to?正确：Who is the old man to whom you were talking ? 或 Who is the old man (that/ whom) you were talking to?错误：These are th
13、e sheep of which the boy took care.正确：These are the sheep (which/that) the boy took care of.“介词+关系代词”前还可有some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代词或者数词或者形容词最高级。如：Heloveshisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.Uptonow,hehas
14、writtentenstories,threeofwhichareaboutcountrylife.练一练1.There are three bedrooms in the house,_ is Marys. A the smallest of which B the smaller of which C the smallest of them D the smallest one 2.1)I have three children,and two of _ are doctors. 2)I have three children, two of _ are doctors.3.There
15、two thousand students in our school,_ are girls.A two-thirds in which B two-thirds in them C two-thirds of them D of whom two thirds 4.I have bought two ballpens,_ writes well. A neither of them B none of them C neither of which D none of which如何选择适当的介词（1）根据定语从句中谓语动词的习惯搭 配来决定。1. Do you like the book
16、 she spent $10? 2. Do you like the book she paid $10?3. Do you like the book she learned a lot? 4. Do you like the book she often talks? （2）根据先行词的搭配习惯来决定。1.the money _which you were to buy dog foodis gone.(你应该用来买狗粮的钱不见了)2.This is the book_which the main character is a soldier. (这是那本主要人物是士兵的书。)（3）根据定
17、语从句所表达的意义来确定.Air,_ which man cant live, is really important.He was educated at the local high school,_he went on to Beijing University. A. after which B. after that C. in which D. in that四、关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句中的主谓一致关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词在人称和数上应与先行词一致。例如：Who is the guy that is reading over there? The numb
18、er of people that are going to the exhibition is expected to be over 25,000. All that needs to be done has been done. He is one of the students who use computer a lot for study. Timmy is the only one of the pupils that has failed the exam.例中的all意为“一切”，作单数。例中没通过考试的学生事实上只有一人，因此谓语动词也用单数。5关系副词引导的定语从句1wh
19、en指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametothisschool. Doyouremembertheyearswhenhelivedinthecountrysidewithhisgrandparents.2where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.上海是我出生的城市。ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.我十年前住的房子已经被拆掉了。3why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。Pleasetellmethereaso
20、nwhyyoumissedtheplane.请告诉我你误机的原因。Idontknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.我不知道他今天为什么看上去不愉快。使用关系副词应注意下列几点：1 这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构：when = on (in, at, during) + which;where = in (at, on) + which;why = for which. 如：I was in Beijing on the day when (=on which) he arrived.The office where (=in whic
21、h) he works is on the third floor.This is the reason why (=for which) we did it.2 当先行词是表时间的time, day等和表地点的place, house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构,试比较：Ill never forget the day when my hometown was liberated.Ill never forget the days which/that we spent together last summer.His father works in a factory where rad
22、io parts are made.His father works in a factory which/that makes radio parts.3 when和where既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而why 只能引导限制性定语从句。六限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句 形式上：不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上：是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。译法上：译成先行词的定语：“的”关系词的使用上：A作宾语时可省略 B可用that C可用who代替whom非限制性定语从句形式上：用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上：只是对先行词的补
23、充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。译法上：通常译成主句的并列句。关系词的使用上：A不可省略 B不用that C不可用who代替whomAll the books there, which have beautiful pictures in them, were written by him.All the books there that have beautiful pictures in them were written by him.His brother, who is eighteen years old, is a PLA man. （只有一个）His brother w
24、ho is a PLA man is eighteen years old. （不止一个）有时，非限制性定语从句所修饰的不是某一个词，而是整个主句或是主句中的一个部分，这时一般采用which或as来引导。如：He passed the exam, which/as he hoped he would.注：（1）as引导的从句可以放在主句之前，而which引导的从句只能放在主句之后。They are hollow, which makes them very light.As is known to all, Taiwan is a part of China.（2）从意义上讲，which指前面
25、主句的内容；而as指代的是作为一般人都知道的常识性的东西，因此常译成“就象 那样”。（3）如果定语从句的内容对主句的内容起消极作用，则用which，而不用as，如：She stole her friends money, which was disgraceful.He tore up my photo, which upset me.七.其他情况：当先行词被the same所修饰时，关系词既可以用as，也可以用that。在表示具体事物时，有时两者有一定的区别。一般说来，表示同一种类多用as，表示同一事物多用that。如：This is the same instrument that I u
26、sed yesterday. 这就是我昨天用过的那台仪器。This is the same instrument as I used yesterday. 这台仪器跟我昨天用过的那台一样。当先行词前有such或so时，关系词应当用as。如：A wise man seldom talks about such things as he doesnt understand.He spoke in such easy English as everybody could understand.另需注意：This book is written in such easy English as begi
27、nners can understand.（定语从句）This book is written in such easy English that beginners can understand it.（结果状语从句）易混辨析This is such an interesting book _ we all like.This is so interesting a book _ we all likeThis is such an interesting book _we all like it.This is so interesting a book _we all like it.以
28、theway为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由inwhich或that引导，而且通常可以省略。如：Theway(that/inwhich)heansweredthequestionswassurprising.他回答这些问题的方式令人惊奇。Idontliketheway(that/inwhich)youlaughather.我不喜欢你嘲笑她的样子特殊结构定语从句点击1. These houses are sold at such a low price _ people expected. A. like B. as C. that D. which 2. Ive never heard so i
29、nteresting a story _ you told me. A. as B. that C. of which D. about which 3. Ive seen the same film _ you saw yesterday. A. that B. which C. as D. like 4. Ill buy the same coat _ you wear. A. that B. which C. as D. like 5. He made another wonderful discovery, _ of great importance to science. A. wh
30、ich I think is B. which I think it is C. which I think it D. I think is 6. _ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. A. It B. As C. That D. What 7. This is the first time _ he has been here. A. that B. when C. at which D. which 8. I dont like _ you speak to her. A. the way B. they way in that C. the way which D. the way o
