1、托福 TOEFL IBT GRE GMAT 必备语法高效总结形容词+补足语：(构成形容词短语)形容词+介词短语：A jacket similar to yours Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they “look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.形容词+不定式短语：Parents eager to support their children
2、s efforts形容词+动名词短语：A waiter busy serving the guests形容词+that：If a diamond is heated without oxygen , it will turn to graphite , a form of carbon so soft that it is used as a lubricant.多形容词并列修饰：(后置) We can easily point to inequalities, social and economic, but there is still a deep-seated belief that,
3、 no matter what his wealth or his job, each man is fundamentally equal with every other.多形容词与“形容词+补足语”并列： John was a ranchman, big, quiet, unlettered, and strong as horse.The+最高级+of+所属范围 ：Certain zoologists regard crows the most intelligent of birds.Of all metals, gold is the least useful.of属格的逻辑语义关
4、系:主谓关系：从右往左翻译（不及物动词） The arrival of my mother动宾关系：从左往右翻译（及物动词） Americas invasion of Iraq同位关系：（二者互相说明） The city of Rome The news of the teams victory基本句型：（一）主语+系动词+表语系动词：链接主语和后面成分的词表语：又称主语补足语，在动词后面补充说明主语性质的成分(名词、形容词) Learning English is very important. He became a teacher. The leaf will turn yellow i
5、n autumn.简单句叠加为复杂难句：（定语复杂化） Vitamins are organic compounds. Vitamins are organic compounds necessary for the normal growth of life. (添加形容词短语) Vitamins are organic compounds necessary for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man. （形容词短语复杂化） Vitamins are organic compounds ne
6、cessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man. （介词短语插入）（二）主语+谓语（不及物动词）+【状语】状语：用来修饰说明动作发生的原因、方式、地点、时间的成分（副词、介词短语） They shouted loudly (方式状语) He died at home (地点状语) He died in 2007 (时间状语)简单句叠加为复杂难句：（定语从句复杂化） This trend began during the Sec
7、ond World War. This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to this conclusion. （定语从句） This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to this conclusion that the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail. （添加同位语从句） This trend
8、began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. (添加定语从句) (make demands of 对提出要求)（三）主语+谓语+宾语 These children are playing football. 简单句叠加为
9、复杂难句： The emphasis helped to obscure the great importance. The emphasis given by both scholars and statesman helped to obscure the great importance. (分词短语作定语) The emphasis given by both scholars and statesman to the presumed disappearance of the American frontier helped to obscure the great importan
10、ce. (介词短语作定语) The emphasis given by both scholars and statesman to the presumed disappearance of the American frontier helped to obscure the great importance of changes in the conditions an consequences of international trade. (介词短语作定语) The emphasis given by both scholars and statesman to the presum
11、ed disappearance of the American frontier helped to obscure the great importance of changes in the conditions an consequences of international trade that occurred during the second half of the nineteenth century. (添加定语从句)（四）主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 （双宾语）间接宾语：人，动作的接受者。直接宾语，物，动作的承受者。 Chatting online will bring
12、 you a lot of fun. He showed the guard his passport. 简单句叠加为复杂难句：（添加定语） Her work won her the Nobel Prize in 1983. Her work in genetics won United States scientist Barbara McClintock the Nobel Prize in 1983. （添加定语）（五）主语+谓语（宾补动词）+宾语+宾语补足语 （复合宾语） 宾补动词：这种动词后面接宾语，再后面又接补充说明宾语的宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语语义相当于主语和主语补足语，即为
13、主系表结构，所以在宾语和宾语补足语间添上系动词be,可以构成通顺句子。 I made John our chairman. You can leave the door open.简单句叠加为复杂难句: Willa Cather considered this novel her best work. Willa Cather considered her novel of life in nineteenth-century Nebraska, My Antonia her best work. (介词短语作后置定语、同位语)名词从句三种句子充当四种成分（一） 陈述句作句子成分当把一个完整的
14、陈述句当作名词来使用时，需要在陈述句句首加that（不充当任何成分），然后可使“that+陈述句”这一结构分别充当令一句子的主语、宾语、表语或同位语，即构成主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或同位语从句。1）主语从句 That he said no word at the meeting was strange. It was strange that he said no word at the meeting. (it强调句改写) Just because something appears valuable does not mean that it really valuable. (“be
15、cause+陈述句”做主语，Just becausedoes not mean一般固定搭配)2）宾语从句 （在不影响句义情况下，that可省略） He said that no word at the meeting was strange. (宾语) I assure you that I had no intention of offending you. (直接宾语) They gave who came to the meeting a pamphlet. (间接宾语) I find the best way to concentrate is to make notes on wha
16、t the teachers are saying. (介词宾语) We believe it true that the human body is also kind of good conductor. (复合宾语结构中，宾语从句甩到补足语后，“主+谓+形式宾语it+宾语补足语+宾语从句)3）表语从句My idea is that the child should be sent to school. 4）同位语从句 The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody. (名词+that+陈述句) A saying
17、 goes that practice makes perfect. (名词+谓语+that+陈述句) The statement by the driver of the vehicle that he did not see the lorry was rejected by the court. (名词+谓语+that+陈述句)（二） 一般疑问句作句子成分当把一个一般疑问句当作名词使用时，需先将疑问句的倒装语序变为陈述语序，并在句首加上whether或if(只在宾语从句用)引导，然后把“whether+陈述句”这一结构分别充当另一个句子的主语、宾语、表语或同位语。If不和or not直接
18、连用，即无if or not, 但可以说if or not. Whether没有此限制。1）主语从句Whether he will come to my party makes no difference to me. 2）宾语从句 （在不影响句义情况下，that可省略）I dont know if/whether he needs my help. 3）表语从句My question is whether people will live on the moon someday.4）同位语从句 Scientists have argued over the question whether
19、there is life on other planet.(三)特殊疑问句作句子成分当把一个特殊疑问句当作名词来使用时，需先将疑问句的倒装语序变成陈述语序，然后分别充当另一个句子的主语、宾语、表语或同位语。1）主语从句Why dinosaurs became extinct is still a mystery.2）宾语从句 （在不影响句义情况下，that可省略）I dont know how many letters there are in the English alphabet.3）表语从句Money is what we are badly in need of.4）同位语从句 T
20、here arose the question where we could get the loan.（四）从句嵌套 I realized that what I said was not exactly what I meant to say. The question is how what you have learned can be put into practice.分析嵌套语句的方法：连词与动词配比原则 连词后面必然是从句，从句中必然有谓语，每个连词后面必然找到一个与之对应的谓语。定语从句（形容词从句） 先行词：被定语从句所修饰的对象。可以是词、短语、分句、完整句。 关系词：重
21、复指代先行词，连接主句和从句，并在定于从句中充当一定成分的连接词。 （代词和连词作用） 关系代词：指代“人”：who (不用在介词后面时可完全顶替whom)、 that、whose 指代“物”：which、that、whose 关系副词：when、where、why（一） 关系词用作从句的主语 I like guys who have a good sense of humor.（二） 关系词用作从句的宾语 （关系词可省略） Id really like to find a friend (who) I can trust completely. (动词的宾语) Im talking abou
22、t friends (who) you can share almost everything with. (介词的宾语)（三）先行词为短语或句子 He likes climbing mountains, which is a good exercise. (短语) Tom was late, which surprised me. （完整句子）（四）限制性定语从句与非限制性定于从句限制性定于从句：不用逗号分开，对一个名词提供必要的信息，若去掉从句将使主句含义不明。There are two factors which determine an individuals intelligence
23、.非限制性定于从句：用逗号分开，对先行词的进一步解释、补充，可以去掉从句而不影响主句表意。My mother, who is 50 this year, lives with me now.（五）定语从句与同位语从句的区分定语从句：that在句中要充当成分，“名词+that+不完整句子”=形容词 The rumor that he spread everywhere turned out to be untrue. 同位语从句：that在句中只作连词，“名词+that+完整句子”=名词The rumor that Tom was a thief turned out to be untrue.
24、（六）先行词的特殊位置特点 先行词+其他定语+定语从句The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root. 先行词+状语+定语从句Never leave things until tomorrow which you can do today. 作主语的先行词+谓语+定语从句It can be predicted, however, that from time t
25、o time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. (根据“尾重原则”将复杂的定语从句甩到句末)如何准确判断先行词：1）先准确理解定语从句本身意思，寻找关键词（与先行词构成的反义类比词），查看谓语单复数，查看从句的关系词。2）结合先行词的结构特点和位置特点，在关系词前定位。（七）介词+关系代词 看从句选介词The goals for which he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him. 看先行词选介词The eas
26、e with which he cracked the complex sentence was unbelievable.with ease、at the rate、in the direction、to the extent、to the degree、at the temperature、by the means、by the mode、in a culture、in practice 所属关系时用介词ofThe company, of which Meacheal was until recently the chairman, has made loss of three milli
27、on pounds this year. 固定的介宾短语He may be late, in which case we should wait for him. (which指前面的句子)in this case、in ones honor(纪念某人)、with ones help状语从句（副词从句）（一）时间状语从句I was telephoning when suddenly the doorbell rang. (瞬时)You wait here while I go and get it. (延续)Until I came back, he was waiting for me at
28、 my home. (延续+until+短暂或时间点)I didnt leave the office until 12 oclock last night. (非短暂+until+短暂或时间点)The doorbell rang immediately we began having dinner. (一就，as soon as、once、the minute、the moment、the instant、instantly、directly)No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain. (紧接发生，hardlywhen、scarce
29、lywhen、no soonerthan)（二）地点状语从句A driver should slow down where there are schools.Where there is a will, there is a way. (地点状语从句置句首时，通常表抽象含义)（三）原因状语从句连词：because、for、as、since Perhaps because I am handsome and successful, my friends dislike me. (只有because才能回答why，才能被强调词only、just、perhaps修饰，因为其语气最强) Since
30、we dont have class tomorrow, why not go out for a picnic? (since=as表示已知事实，不需强调原因，所以经常译成“既然”)介词：because of、due to、owing toOwing to his careless we had an accident. (owing to常置句首)We had an accident due to his carelessness. (due to常置句中)（四）目的状语从句 in order that、that、so that I turned off the TV so that my
31、 roommate could study in peace. In order that my roommate could study in peace, I turned off the TV. (in order that 、so that可因强调而倒装)（五）结果状语从句 so that 、such that I was so late that I didnt have time to do it. (so+形容词或副词) Such a fool was he that he believed her. (such+名词) (倒装)（六）条件状语从句if、unless(如果不)、as long as、so long as、suppose、supposing、providing/provided (如果)、on condition that As long as you work hard enough, an iron rod can be ground into a needle. Knowledge helps you to reach the destination provided you
