1、英国文学史及选读12册复习大纲英国文学史及选读1,2册复习大纲 1.H istorical Background Celts 400B.C. Romans 50B.C. AngloSaxons 450A.D Norman Invasion 1066A.D. Roman empire从albion撤军，teutonic tribes(包括angles, Saxons,jutes)（条顿人or日耳曼人）陆续登陆此地 2. Literature 1,pagan异教徒文学2 christian基督徒文学alliterative verse头韵诗 Epic: Beowulf贝奥武甫（Denmark背景）
2、（the hall heorot 鹿兀grendel:a monster half-human） 1) Oral origin, recited in court, handed down in generations until finally it was recorded by certain poet.上下部分由pagan写，插入由christian写 2) a mixture of history and legend.，englands national epic 民国史诗 Part II The Anglo-Norman Period(1066-1350)秧格鲁- 诺曼时期 1
3、1.H istorical Background Roman conquest,接着是english conquest，最后是norman conquest。 The Norman Conquest in 1066 Duke William of Normandy claimed himself William I, King of England.（the battle of hastings希斯廷战役）KingsBarons男爵Knights, a feudal system of hierarchy统治集团was formed 2.T he language Upper classes:
4、 French, Latin The common people: Old English Three languages co-existed in England. French became the official language used by the king and the Norman lords; Latin became the principal tongue of church affairs and in universities; and Old English was spoken only by the common English people. 3.The
5、 literature Romance was a type of literature that was very popular 2 in the Middle Ages. It is about the life and adventures undertaken by a knight. It reflected the spirit of chivalry骑士制度. The content of romance: love, chivalry and religion. It involves fighting, adventures. Subject matter: Geoffre
6、ys History杰弗里史记，riming chronicles押韵编年史，metricalverse格律诗体，doggerel verse打油诗体 1)t he Matter of France eg. Charlemagne and his peers查 理曼大帝和他的骑士 2)M atter of Greece and Rome eg Akexabder亚历山大大 帝 3)M atter of Britain tales having for their heroes Arthur and his knights of the Round Table 3.m ain literatur
7、e Sir Gawain and the green knight.高文爵士和绿衣骑士（arthur，gawain,green knight, morgain the fay-woman 3 妖精摩根, the green girdle绿腰带） Part III Geoffrey Chaucer (13401400)杰弗里.乔叟 时期 1.H istorical Background He was living at the same time as the writer of Sir Gawain. In 1350 AD, 100 Years War between England and
8、France. The English won, they controlled large French territory领土. The Henry VI lost it all. He is father of English poetry War of the Roses 1455-1485 AD 2.W hats middle ages like? 1). The medieval society: hierarchy 等级制度social system. 2). Another important thing in the medieval society is Christian
9、ity基督God-centered thinking, mind ideology 思想体系 3.L ife and work of Chaucer Chaucer lived between (1340-1400). His life is closely 4 1. French 1360-1370 translate French poetry 2. Italian 1372-1386 3.English The Canterbury tales 4.The Canterbury tales He got his stories from various sources, Greek au
10、thors, Roman authors, Italian, French, but there is no doubt about Chaucers originality. He retells the stories in his own way. 5 The stories are told by a group of people on their way to and back from Canterbury. Pilgrims 朝圣者tell stories to pass the time. The journey is used as a kind of device to
11、unite the various tales Nun修女:Her enthusiasm for grace, trying to become someone that she is not, she cannot possibly be. -Pretentiousness, pretending伪装too much Chaucer has different attitude to different characters 第一句：as soon as april pierces to the root, the drought of march, and bathes each bud
12、and shoot The significance of his writing 1)it gives a comprehensive广泛的picture of Chaucers time 2)the dramatic structure 3)Chaucers humor 4)Chaucers contribution to the English language. Ever since the Norman Conquest the French language was the language at the court and the upper classes, and Latin
13、 was the language of the learned and the church. Chaucer 6 used the native language English and proved that the English language is a beautiful language. He increased the prestige 威信of the English language. 5.Popular ballads大众民谣 A ballad is a narrative叙述poem that tells a story. It is about particula
14、r incidents, usually dramatic. Ballets tell stories-about tragic悲剧的incidents. They are written in a special musical pattern, ballad meter-four meters, couplets（相连并押韵的两行诗） two line in a unit or quatrain 四行诗_ ababcdcd Characteristics: 1)The beginning is often abrupt突然地. No introduction of the characte
15、rs and the background of the tale 2)There are strong dramatic elements. A ballad deals with a single episode插曲 3)the story is often told through dialogue and action 4)the theme is often tragic悲剧的 5)The ballad meter is used. It contains four-line stanza 7 节，段 在英国把民谣当文学形式研究的第一人是托马斯.帕西主教Bishop Thomas P
16、ercy,他将民谣收录到英诗辑古Reliques of Ancient English Poetry中。 Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dal e罗宾汉和阿林代尔Get Up and Bar the Door.起来去关门Sir Patrick Spens派屈克。斯宾塞爵士 Part IV The Renaissance文艺复兴时期 1.Historical Background 1)T he reign of Queen Elizabeth (1558_1603) England enjoyed a period of peace and prosperity 2)T he d
17、efeat of the Spanish Armada舰队by the English navy in 1588. After the battle, England gradually became a mighty naval海军的power. 3)H umanism人文主义 Renaissance: it is a French word that means Drebirth复活in English. In the 15th and 16th century, scholars in western European countries had a keen interest in 8
18、 the Greek and Latin culture. That is the art and science of ancient Greece and Rome were being born again after long years of neglect.忽略 Humanism: The welfare幸福of human being is very important. It emphases the worth of life in this world, and the dignity of human being. 4）主要作者介绍 Thomas More : Utopi
19、a托马斯。莫尔：乌托邦Thomas Wyatt:怀亚特：把sonnet十四行诗引入英国第一人 Edmund Spenser: the Fairy Queen埃德蒙。斯宾塞：仙后 John Lyly: Eupheus约翰。黎里：艳词，首创euphuism 绚丽体 Christopher Marlowe:克里斯托弗。马洛：把blank verse 无韵诗作为英语戏剧主要表达方式的开创者 English drama是英国文艺复兴的主流 9 2.The writers William Shakespeare (15641616) 1) His life and work C1592, arrived
20、in London doing very mean jobs, then he joined Lord chamberlains国王侍从company, became very famous. He became a shareholder股东in the Globe and bought a big house in his hometown. He bought a coat of arms for his father。出生地：Stratford-on-Avon, Warwickshire -2 poems, 37 plays, 154 sonnets His plays-1,Histo
21、ries and comedies 2.Tragedies 3.Romances The importance of his writing( more can be added) 1)S hakespeare represented the tread脚步of history in giving voice to the desires and aspirations of the people.( peace) 2)S hakespeares humanism. His plays reflected the spirit of his age. 10 3He was a great po
22、et 4）He was a master of the English language. 5）His first original play written in about 1590 was King Henry VI 6）Hmalet,哈姆雷特Othello,奥赛罗King Lear,李尔王and the Tragedy of Macbeth麦克白are regarded as Shakespeares four great tragedies. Hamblet:讲的是丹麦故事，反映的是英国的事情 主要人物：Claudius克劳迪斯，死去国王的弟弟，Queen Gertrude乔特鲁得：
23、王子的母亲，Polonius波洛琉斯：爱说闲话的官员，Ophelia奥菲利亚：官员的女儿，Laertes 雷欧提斯：官员的儿子 The Merchant of V enice威尼斯商人 主要人物：Bassanio巴萨尼奥，Antonio安东尼奥，Shylock 夏洛克:a wealthy Jew犹太人，Portia鲍西亚：Bassanios girlfriend, Jessica杰西卡：shylocks daughter, Lorenzo罗兰佐：Bassanios friend and Jessicas boyfriend, Nerissa尼莉莎：Portias waiting-woman侍女
24、，Gratiano: 11 葛莱西安诺：Bassanios another friend and Nerissas boyfriend 地点：Belmont贝尔蒙特 Sonnet 18: The first eight lines: shall I compare thee to a summers day?thou art more lovely and more temperat. -The English summer: warm, not hot, gives people a happy feeling, lots of sunshine -Proposing a compariso
25、n：Even better to a summers day -Rough windsnature ，The duration持续of summer: ends very soon ，Hot_ the sun Summer is beautiful, but it will change into winter，Butchange This poem is similar the Spencer斯宾塞s sonnets Spencer is using tide潮水_time， Shakespeare is using summertime Sonnet 29: The first eight
26、 lines: “when ,in disgrace with fortune and 12 mens eyes, I all alone.unlucky, unfortunate despised by other people Describes his unfavorable condition, therefore he is very sad. Line 9-12：The authorthe lark云雀 His great happinessthe memory of his friend brings his happiness -Magical effect Francis B
27、acon：十七世纪初，英国的杰出散文家 1.his life：Pope蒲柏descibed him as the wisest,brightes, meanst of mankind，Bacons work may be divided into three classes, the philosophical, the literary, and the professional works. The final edition of essays contains 58 essays. 2.writing (Of Truth,谈真理Of Studies谈读书) Part V The 17t
28、h century The period of revolution and restoration.17世纪资产阶级与王政复辟时期 13 1.Historical Background 1)E nglish Bourgeois Revolution英国资产阶级革命During the reign of Elizabeth, England enjoyed a time of prosperity and fast development. James I (Stuart斯图亚特王室), a change of Dynasty, all the conflicts, which has sta
29、rted during Elizabeth reign, has come into surface. James I imposed担负的heave taxes on businessmen, bourgeoisie, he controlled the manufacture product_monopoly垄断, but people believed in free trade King VS. The Parliament (has the support of the capitalists and businessmen and also the Puritans清教徒) 2)t
30、 he persecution迫害者of the Puritans Charles I was beheaded砍头. After the civil War, the parliament was in powerCrowell克罗韦尔became the Lord君主Protector (1653) Charles II, and restoration, James II William Orange singed D The Bill of Rights which 14 greatly restricted约束the power of the English King. The ci
31、vil war has transformed the country from tyranny to a constitutional monarch. The revolution period is also called puritan age, because the English revolution was carried out under a religious cloak 2，literature 15 这一时期的四约翰（John Milton弥尔顿，John Bunyan班扬，John Donne多恩，John Dryden德莱顿）成为文坛杰出人物，metaphysic
32、al poet玄学派and French drama的影响成为两个重要的文学概念。The literature of the middle and later periods of the 17th century cultimated in the poetry of Milton, in the prose 散文writing of Bunyan, and also in the plays and literary criticism 文学评论of Dryden. Milton and bunyan represented the extreme of English life in the 17th century. One gave us the only epic史诗since Beo
