1、科技英语的阅读、翻译与写作（概述与回顾）,Translate the following passage into Chinese:A special distillation problem is encountered when the boiling point of the material is so high that the substance decomposes at its atmospheric boiling point or the vaporization temperature cannot easily be reached by steam heat.To d
2、istill such a material,either to free it from nonvolatile impurities or to separate it into fractions of differing boiling point,the distillation temperature must be lowered to a point where the liquid can be vaporized without reaching excessive temperatures.One method of accomplishing this is to op
3、erate under a vacuum.,Put the following into Chinese:alkaneconvectionback-mixingdiffusionfluxenthalpyfossil fuelgradienthumidityisothermal,Put the following into English：潜热动量可操作性聚氯乙烯可逆的选择性热塑性的管式反应器不饱和的黏度,科技英语的特点,科技论文的特点,书面文体架构近乎标准化科技论文的标准格式：标题Title作者Authors and their companies摘要Abstract引言Introductio
4、n实验Experiments结果与讨论Results and analysis结论Conclusion致谢Acknowledgment参考文献Refrensce,科技英语语法结构的基本特点,科技文体专题著作、专题论文、教科书、实验报告、新闻报道、科普文章、说明书等特点：写实学科发展、现状、基本概念、基本原理、定理、推导、图、表、实验结果、分析讨论、结论、操作步骤、维护方法、注意事项等语法结构的基本特点,1.谓语动词的时态,一般现在时：描述客观存在的事实、现象或真理。Action and reaction are equal and opposite.一般过去时：叙述过去发生过的事实，或存在表示
5、过去的时间状语。Carvendish showed that hydrogen reacts with oxygen to form water.现在完成时：强调过去发生的事实仍对现在有影响。Since 1940 the chemical industry has grown at a remarkable rate.一般将来时：预计将要发生的事。Will men discover that there is life on Mars?,2.谓语动词的语态,科技论著的中心议题：客观存在的事实大量使用被动语态，突出所论述的事实。科技英语中谓语至少三分之一是被动态：用事实说话；略去行为主体，使句子
6、简洁；语气谦和，更具学术味和逻辑性。The heat causes the reaction to be accelerated.More power is likely to be needed during the winter.The research was carried out by the assistant.,3.长句,大量使用长句和复合句，严密表达事物之间的逻辑关系Since the molecules of a gas are much too far from each other to repel or attract each other,it is very eas
7、y to compress a gas,while a solid or liquid is almost incompressible,because the repulsions of the electrical charges of which its atoms are made up are far stronger than any force we can apply.由于气体分子相隔太远，不能互相排斥或吸引，所以气体很容易压缩，而固体或液体几乎是不可压缩的，因为其原子的电荷斥力比我们所能施加的力要强得多。另外太多的短句堆砌会造成单调的感觉。开始写作时可用短的陈述句把事实说清楚
8、，然后增加句型的变换，将其中一些句子综合起来成为长句或复合句。,4.句子简练,比较：When they are heated under pressure the constituents fuse together.When heated under pressure the constituents fuse together.Heated under pressure the the constituents fuse together.用非谓语动词短语和介词短语代替从句,科技英语词汇的基本特点,The vocabulary of any technical discussions or
9、 piece of writing may include words which are never used outside the subject or field in question.If you do not know the subject,you will not understand what is said or written,even if English is your mother tongue.The vocabularies used in science and technology are very large,and in English they in
10、clude many semi-technical words which are used in unfamiliar ways so that their new meanings must be learned.,Technical Words,Words with precise,narrow meanings for each subject.1.Many technical words are made up from Latin and Greek roots,prefixes and suffixes,which soon become familiar.e.g.ethene-
11、ene词尾烯烃polyethenepoly-词头聚，多polytetrafluoroethenetetra-词头四 fluoro-词头氟代（的）,Technical Words,2.Other technical terms may be made up from existing words whose meaning is well known and is not substantially altered in the technical compound word.e.g.feedbacksyngas(=synthesis gas),Technical Words,特点：词义单一。C
12、learly it is necessary to know all the separate technical vocabularies in order to deal with even very difficult technical reports or publications in one particular field.,Semi-technical Words,Words whose use is not confined to scientific and technological contexts.The meanings of these words in the
13、ir technical use are likely to differ from their non-technical meanings.Moreover,they may have different precise meanings in different technical fields.This type of words is an essential part of technical English.,Semi-technical Words,特点：由普通词汇转化而来，一词多义。In mechanics,work is defined as the product of
14、a force and a displacement.在力学中，功的定义是力与 位移的乘积。The leads of new condenser are half as long as those of the old,yet the functions are the same.新型电容器的导线比老式电容器的短一半，但作用相同The velocity at any point is a function of the space coordinates of that point.任一点的速度是该点空间坐标的函数。,Semi-technical Words,reforming n.1.重整T
15、he conversion of straight-chain alkanes into branched-chain alkanes by cracking or by catalytic reaction.It is used in petroleum refining to produce hydrocarbons suitable for use in gasoline.Benzene is also manufactured from alkane hydrocarbons by catalytic reforming.2.转化 A process used to convert m
16、ethane(from natural gas)into a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen,which is used to synthesize organic chemicals.The reaction is CH4+H2O CO+3H2.,Semi-technical Words,reduction化还原；数简化，约简；减少carrier化载体；无 载波；医带菌者critical物临界的；批评的；关键的coordinate化配位的，配价的；数坐标base化碱；基础basic化碱性的；基本的,Semi-technical Words,de
17、rivative化衍生物；数导数insulation物绝热；绝缘；隔离potential物势，位；潜在的，可能的still化蒸馏；蒸馏釜；静止；还complex化络合物；复杂的,Formal,Non-technical Words,There remains a class of strictly non-technical words which are seldom found outside technical English.to determine to find outto convert to changeappreciable a lot of,基本阅读方法,略读（skimmi
18、ng）,扫视全文，抓主题句，了解文章大意（general idea）。1.加快阅读速度：忽略日期、一连串人名、地名、数据等细节；2.注意文章的正副标题、引言、粗体字、斜体字和划线部分；3.文章：看两头（第一段和最后一段），去中间（只看主题句）；4.段落：抓主题句（一般为第一句和最后一句），体现段落主旨和中心；5.不逐词阅读，主要注意关键词语，如表达名称、概念、描写动作状态和表示转折、原因、结果等意思的词语；6.遇到生词，根据上下文猜出其词义。,查读（scanning）,目的明确的阅读，忽略与问题无关的材料，集中找出文章中某一特殊事实。1.带着问题进行阅读，问题要具体精确；2.排除与查读无关的内
19、容，确定查读范围；3.根据所需信息的性质，集中注意与其有关的语言特点；4.一旦找到问题的答案，阅读即可停止。略读与查读均属选择性阅读，相辅相成，构成快速阅读的基础。,细读（study reading）,一种基本的阅读方法。了解文章的细节，掌握文章的全部内容，领会文章的用意和作者的态度。1.既要注意准确，也要提高速度：（1）遇到生词和难以理解的地方，继续看下去，下文往往可以阐明其含义；（2）立足于一遍理解全部内容，不要时时回头阅读；（3）按照意群一组一组地阅读；（4）注意关键词。2.抓各个细节的同时，仍要注意文章的中心思想，才能很好地理解文章内容；3.积极主动思考，弄清作者的真正用意和态度。,S
20、Q3R阅读法（SQ3R Study System）,Survey浏览Question发问Read 阅读Recite复述Review复习,1.Survey（浏览）：类似于略读 题目、前言、目录、索引、章节的概括部分、讨论的问题，等等。2.Question（发问）：关键阶段对要读的材料提出问题，是阅读具有针对性。3.Read（阅读）：认真阅读介绍或引言段落增加必要的发问略读不太重要的部分记录难词和难点备查持续自问文章的主要目的勾画段落的中心和主要细节适当注释，如易混淆的或没读懂的词语、定义、概念,4.Recite（复述）：检查阅读效果，加强理解记忆建立在理解的基础上，用自己的话叙述文章大意分段、分
21、节或分章进行；书面复述形式：笔记提纲、流程图、因果陈述、总结、学习地图（树形地图、几何形地图等）；复述校对复述。5.Review（复习）：努力掌握所读的每一部分中心大意重要细节页边注释提纲笔记自己的推断总结和答案,科技英语翻译标准,翻译:把一种语言文字的含义用另外一种语言文字表达出来翻译应具备的基础：理解和掌握原文翻译时应注意：不能主观发挥,非科技英语的翻译标准：信 达 雅科技英语翻译标准,信 达 准,（1）信（true）-忠实 原文和译文等义（2）达（smooth）-流畅、通顺 译文应当通顺表达原文的含义 汉语的译文必须规范化，用词造句应该符合汉语的表达方式注意：逐词翻译，会造成译文生硬欧化
22、 单纯追求译文流畅，任意删改原文也不正确,（3）准（accuracy）-专业术语正确 一定要使用专业术语，绝不能讲外行话 The device works properly.设备运转正常。（设备工作合适。）Steam reforming is carried out in the reactor.蒸汽转化在反应器中进行shift reaction 变换反应size reduction 粉碎lower boiler 低沸组分,翻译过程,翻译过程一般需要三个阶段：理解 表达 校对（1）理解：先阅读，领略大意。明辨语法弄清关系逐句推敲（2）表达：选择适当的汉语把已经理解的原文的内容叙述出来。注意：还
23、应注意通顺和流畅。,The homologs of benzene are those containing an alkyl group or alkyl groups in place of one or more hydrogen atoms.苯的同系物就是那些被一个或多个烷基取代一个或多个氢原子所形成的产物。（苯的同系物就是那些苯环上含有一个烷基或多个烷基的物质）（3）校核：检查译文是否准确无误转述原作内容；译文的语言是否规范；是否符合汉语习惯。,科技英语写作要求,ABC三原则一、准确（Accuracy),内容准确1.正确的英语语法和句型例1误：People commonly say
24、that clinical thermometers will be used to find out the body temperature.（句型与时态使用不当）正：it is commonly believed that clinical thermometers are used to determine the body temperature.(正确的句型与时态）,2.避免使用意义含糊、模棱两可的词汇使用意义清楚、表达准确的词汇，在给出定义、描述过程、作结论时尤其要注意。例2误：After a comprehensive examination and comparison,th
25、ese two models are basically the same in representing the production equipment.英文中basically表示”从基础上看，从本质上看”的意思；中文的“基本上”现在常表示量的概念，表示接近100。正：After a comprehensive examination and comparison,both models can represent the production equipment satisfactorily.,例3 误：His doctor told him frequently to exercis
26、e.句中frequently 既可修饰tell，又可修饰exercise，模棱两可。正：His doctor frequently told him to exercise.正：His doctor told him to exercise frequently.形式准确1.避免使用带有主观色彩的词汇2.文章的格式严格按不同文体的格式来写作,二、简洁（Brevity),在科技文章写作里，既没有修饰的空间，也没有修饰的必要。华丽词藻隐喻以至明喻，以及使用成语都成了多余，甚至可能引起语意混淆。正如图示中不能有不必要的线条一样句子里不要含有不必要的词汇；而段落里也不应该有不必要的句子。例4 An i
27、nvestigation of the problem was conducted by the research team.The research team conducted an investigation of the problem.The research team investigated the problem.（简洁）,例5When they are heated under pressure the constituents fuse together.When heated under pressure the constituents fuse together.He
28、ated under pressure the constituents fuse together.（简洁）（用非谓语动词短语和介词短语代替从句）,三、清晰（Clarity),决定因素：作者思维的逻辑性表达的连贯性例6误：She borrowed a car from his friend that was bad.“车是坏的”还是“人是坏的”？正：from his friend,she borrowed a car that was bad.,科技英语四要素语法词汇专业背景逻辑思维,科技英语的阅读、翻译与写作（翻译）,二九年二月二十四日,后置定语的译法,介词短语作后置定语形容词及其短语作后
29、置定语非限定动词（不定式、现在分词、过去分词）作后置定语定语从句作后置定语同位语从句作后置定语,一、介词短语作后置定语,In general,ethers are good solvents for fats,waxes and resins.醚通常是脂肪、蜡和树脂的良好溶剂。The presence of a substituent group in benzene exerts a profound control over both orientation and the ease of introduction of the entering substituent.苯中取代基的存在对
30、进入基团的方位及进入的难易程度起着强有力的控制作用。,二、形容词及其短语作后置定语,Acetylene is hydrocarbon especially high in heat value.乙炔是热值特别高的烃。All of the carbon-carbon bonds in benzene are alike and have properties intermediate between those of a single and a double bond.苯中所有的碳-碳键都一样，具有介乎单键和双键之间的性质。,三、非限定动词（不定式、现在分词、过去分词）作后置定语,注意：现在分
31、词和过去分词表示含义不同：现在分词表示动作正在发生；过去分词表示动作已完成。现在分词表示的动作具有主动意义；及物动词的过去分词表示被动意义，不及物动词的过去分词不具有被动含义，仅表示已完成。the evaporated water evaporate vt.“被蒸发的水”evaporate vi.则译为“蒸发了的水”substituted group substitute vt.“被取代的基团”substitute vi.“取代了的基团”，即“取代基”,what do you have to say?你有什么话要说？Man was not the first living thing to c
32、ommunicate through the use of sound.第一个用声音进行联络的生物并不是人。The functional group of a ketone consists of a carbon atom connected by a double bond to an oxygen atom.酮的官能团是由一个通过双键与氧原子相连的碳原子组成的。,四、定语从句作后置定语,定语从句包括限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。由关系代词(what,which,who,whom,whose,but,as）或关系副词（where,when,why,as,wherein,whereo
33、n）引导。一般译作“的”除此以外还有很多翻译方法。介绍总结5种。,1.译成“的”，置于被修饰的词之前,Of all the forms of energy that we use,electrical energy is the most convenient.我们使用的各种能量中，电能最方便。When fuels burn,they return once more to the simpler materials out of which they were made.燃料燃烧时，又转变成原来构成它们的那些更简单的物质。,2.译成同等关系的并列句,这样的定语从句，起着对先行词进一步说明的作用，往往译成并列分句。有时加译“其、它、这”等词。An acid is a compound whose solution can produce hydrogen ions.酸是这样一种物质，其溶液
