1、货币银行学考试重点一、名词搭配1.adverse selection The problem created by asymmetric informationbefore a transaction occurs: The people who arethe most undesirable from the other partys point of vieware the ones who are most likely to want to engage in thefinancial transaction. 812.agency theory The analysis of how
2、 asymmetric informationproblems affect economic behavior. 2093. asset transformation The process of turning risky assets intosafer assets for investors by creating and selling assets withrisk characteristics that people are comfortable with andthen using the funds acquired by selling these assets to
3、purchase other assets that may have far more risk. 814. bond A debt security that promises to make payments periodicallyfor a specified period of time. 445. borrowed reserves A banks borrowings from the Fed. 3876. capital market A financial market in which longer-term debt(generally with original ma
4、turity of greater than one year)and equity instruments are traded. 717. central bank The government agency that oversees the bankingsystem and is responsible for the amount of moneyand credit supplied in the economy; in the United States,the Federal Reserve System. 52, 3218. conventional monetary po
5、licy tools The usual tools ofmonetary policy that the Federal Reserve uses to controlthe money supply and interest rates: open market operations,discount lending, and reserve requirements. 4189. coupon bond A credit market instrument that pays theowner a fixed interest payment every year until the m
6、aturitydate, when a specified final amount is repaid. 11110. credit spread The difference between the interest rate onloans to households and businesses and the interest rateon completely safe assets that are sure to be paid off, suchas U.S. Treasury securities. 23311. debt deflation A situation in
7、which a substantial decline inthe price level sets in, leading to a further deteriorationin firms net worth because of the increased burden ofindebtedness. 23112. discount window The Federal Reserve facility at which discountloans are made to banks. 42013. e-cash Electronic money that is used on the
8、 Internet to purchasegoods or services. 10014.e-finance A new means of delivering financial services electronically.4815. Eurobonds Bonds denominated in a currency other than thatof the country in which they are sold. 7816. federal funds rate The interest rate on overnight loans ofdeposits at the Fe
9、deral Reserve. 358, 409, 7417. fiat money Paper currency decreed by a government as legaltender but not convertible into coins or precious metal.9818. financial markets Markets in which funds are transferredfrom people who have a surplus of availablefunds to people who have a shortage of availablefu
10、nds. 4419. Fisher effect The outcome that when expected inflationoccurs, interest rates will rise; named after economistIrving Fisher. 14320. free-rider problem The problem that occurs when peoplewho do not pay for information take advantage of theinformation that other people have paid for. 21121.
11、high-powered money The monetary base. 38122. incentive-compatible Having the incentives of both partiesto a contract in alignment. 21823. inflation The condition of a continually rising price level. 5024. lender of last resort Provider of reserves to financial institutionswhen no one else would prov
12、ide them to prevent afinancial crisis. 42125. liquidity The relative ease and speed with which an asset canbe converted into cash. 97, 13126. M1 A measure of money that includes currency, travelerschecks, and checkable deposits. 10127.M2 A measure of money that adds to M1: money marketdeposit accoun
13、ts, money market mutual fund shares, smalldenominationtime deposits, savings deposits, overnightrepurchase agreements, and overnight Eurodollars. 10228. money market A financial market in which only short-termdebt instruments (generally those with original maturity ofless than one year) are traded.
14、7129.money multiplier A ratio that relates the change in the moneysupply to a given change in the monetary base. 39630. moral hazard The risk that one party to a transaction willengage in behavior that is undesirable from the otherpartys point of view. 8231. nonborrowed monetary base The monetary ba
15、se minus discountloans (borrowed reserves). 38732.nonconventional monetary policy tools Non-interest ratetools central banks use to stimulate the economy: liquidityprovision, asset purchases, and commitment to futuremonetary policy actions. 42533. open market operations The Feds buying or selling of
16、bonds in the open market. 357, 38234. opportunity cost The amount of interest (expected return)sacrificed by not holding an alternative asset. 14735. political business cycle A business cycle caused by expansionarypolicies before an election. 361, 64736. present value Todays value of a payment to be
17、 received inthe future when the interest rate is i. Also called presentdiscounted value. 10837. principalagent problem A moral hazard problem thatoccurs when the managers in control (the agents) act intheir own interest rather than in the interest of the owners(the principals) due to different sets
18、of incentives.215, 23438. quantitative easing An expansion of the Federal Reservesbalance sheet. 42639. real interest rate The interest rate adjusted for expectedchanges in the price level (inflation) so that it more accuratelyreflects the true cost of borrowing. 12340. reserves Banks holding of dep
19、osits in accounts with theFed plus currency that is physically held by banks (vaultcash). 268, 38141. risk The degree of uncertainty associated with the return onan asset. 80, 13142. securitization The process of transforming illiquid financialassets into marketable capital market instruments. 234,3
20、2943. security A claim on the borrowers future income that issold by the borrower to the lender. Also called a financialinstrument. 4444. shadow banking system A system in which bank lending isreplaced by lending via the securities market. 238, 32445. subprime mortgages Mortgages for borrowers with
21、less thanstellar credit records. 23446. transaction costs The time and money spent trying toexchange financial assets, goods, or services. 7947. wealth All resources owned by an individual, including allassets. 95, 13048. yield to maturity The interest rate that equates the presentvalue of payments
22、received from a credit market instrumentwith its value today. 112论述题：俄罗斯卢布暴跌问题一、原因：1. 俄罗斯经济增长明显放缓，GDP增速预期还不及美国2. 俄罗斯为保银行流动性大举收购外汇3. 俄罗斯央行无意支持卢布4. 俄罗斯市场流动性就不高5. 强势美元对新兴市场的影响6. 原油价格大跌7. 乌克兰危机加剧了市场风险情绪二、影响：1卢布贬值对股票市场的影响市场数据显示能源相关的股票再次遭到抛售，并且开始波及金融股，背后的逻辑是如果能源行业继续表现不佳，那么其债务违约可能会影响到金融行业，这本身就是一个高杠杆的行业。2卢布
23、贬值对外汇市场的影响就中国来看，国内经济数据持续回落，加之国际对以卢布为代表的新兴经济体货币走势将大幅贬值预期影响，近期的人民币汇率贬值压力骤增，只是央行近日压低美元兑人民币中间价，以对冲方式力保人民币汇率稳定，短期而言，人民币贬值压力继续存在，国内资产价格承压。3对新兴市场货币的影响2008年美国金融危机后，美国通过货币宽松等政策将危机外溢，引发了欧洲的金融危机，国际资本流向新兴经济体。而随着目前美国经济的复苏，新兴经济体增速的放缓，美元资产将重新成为避险资金，促使资本加速回流美国。卢布危机或将逐步波及蔓延至巴西、尼日利亚、印尼、韩国等新兴经济体。这对于同样属于新兴市场的中国而言是一个信号。
24、后市中国可能也面临资金流入规模减小及人民币贬值的压力，虽然中国央行干预的必要性不大，但依然需要对俄罗斯的形势密切关注，若进一步恶化可能会放大风险效应。4对中俄贸易的影响卢布贬值和俄罗斯经济放缓对中国出口产生不利冲击。俄罗斯经济下行将直接影响到我国对俄出口。中俄贸易往来较多，我国是俄罗斯的第一大贸易伙伴，在其出口市场占了17%的份额，人民币兑卢布过快升值，俄罗斯民众的购买力受到制约，支付能力变差，这会对中俄贸易产生很大的负面影响。现在很多做边贸的企业已经受到比较大的冲击，还是要采取一些比较妥善的措施，帮助俄罗斯度过难关。在俄罗斯投资的企业也受到了影响，譬如，吉利汽车、华斯股份等。三、卢布贬值对中
25、国的警示面对卢布贬值问题，我国应该从中得到警示：（1）加快页岩气的开发卢布汇率受原油价格下跌以及美元走强影响颇大，可以看出，俄罗斯经济属于受制于人的被动局面。中国来讲，为了摆脱经济增长受制于人的被动局面，应加快对页岩气的开发与研究，若研究成功，即可以克服这个问题。页岩气成本更低、更环保，每桶石油能量的页岩气成本大约在40到50美元，是未来石油的替代品。石油大国中有国家希望降低油价让生产页岩气的企业无利可图甚至破产的意图是有的。中国是最大的石油进口国，为了避免未来石油与页岩气对中国的影响，所以应该加快页岩气的开发。（2）加快经济结构转型从俄罗斯来看，我国可以得到的另一个警示就是经济结构单一，虽然
26、我国不存在类似局面，但是，要谨防走入这条不归路。（3）货币政策不应过猛从俄罗斯央行方面得到教训，央行使用货币政策不应该过猛、过大，不能像俄罗斯央行一样，大幅调整短期利率和以印发钞票的方式来解决问题，这只会使市场流动性进一步降低，很可能造成恶性循环。所以我国若遇到此类问题，应该谨防使用过猛的货币政策。（4）充足的外汇储备。俄罗斯的官方外汇储备高达4205亿美元。但这些储备中一半以上流动性不高，有效外汇储备仅约2030亿美元。尽管中国外汇储备与俄罗斯不可同日而语，中国外汇储备超四万亿美元，足够应对外汇方面危机，但是也不可忽略。四、应对措施：抛售美元回笼货币，减少市场上卢布的供应并通过大幅加息等措施
27、吸引资金留在俄罗斯，网络银行发展中的障碍1. 安全问题2. 法律规范问题利率1.背景 通胀压力加大到10月份，居民消费价格指数涨幅已经连续3个月高于6。11月仍属于结构性上涨，但受国内外多种因素影响，通货膨胀压力明显加大。 固定资产投资增速过快固定资产投资依然高位运行。前10个月，全国城镇固定资产投资增速比去年同期高02个百分点 信贷投放过多前10个月，人民币各项贷款已是去年全年新增贷款的11倍。 贸易顺差过大贸易顺差增幅依然很高。前10个月，我国贸易顺差21236亿美元，同比增长59。 美联储重启量化宽松（QE2）美联储11月4日宣布，启动第二轮定量宽松计划，总计将采购6000亿美元的资产。
28、与此同时，联储宣布维持0-0.25%的基准利率区间不变。 全球流动性过剩状况加剧，在我国经济增长较快和人民币升值预期增强的情况下，国际热钱持续流入国内。 我国居民储蓄负利率现象依然存在。此前央行的一份储户问卷调查指出，当前居民选择投资的比例大于储蓄比例。分析人士认为，正是负利率状况导致了居民更倾向于投资而不是储蓄。因此，加息对于吸引居民储蓄从而减缓市场投资资金过剩具有积极意义。2.作用1、在宏观经济活动中通过影响储蓄收益可以调节社会资本的供给，例如提高利率可以增加居民储蓄；2、通过对投资成本的影响可以调节社会投资总量和投资结构，例如提高利率会减少社会投资总量，而差别利率可以调节社会投资结构，总储蓄和总投资的变动将影响社会总供求；3、在微观经济活动中，利率可以通过影响企业的生产成本与收益发挥促进企业改善经营管理的作用；4、通过改变储蓄收益对居民的储蓄倾向和储蓄方式的选择发挥作用，影响个人的经济行为。3.影响一般而言，加息带来的影响包括：1、股票市场不景气（股市下跌）2、通货膨胀减缓3、民众减少消费，增加储蓄4、工商企业减少投资5、刺激本国或本地货币的升值6、减缓本国或本地的经济增长速度
