1、名词性从句,Related Conception(相关概念),1.名词:,表示人或事物的名称的词叫名词。,2.名词在句子当中一般可以作什么成分?,名词在句中主要作主语、宾语、表语和同位语。,The boy is li Ming.,主语,表语,Mr.Liang,a 24-year-old boy,teaches us English.,主语,同位语,宾语,在英语的句子结构中，本来该由名词充当的主语、宾语、表语和同位语，由一个句子来充当,这个句子就叫名词性从句。,什么是名词性从句?,名词性从句,主语从句(The Subject Clause),宾语从句(The Object Clause),表语从
2、句(The Predicative Clause),同位语从句(The Appositive Clause),名词性从句,主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句,主语从句在句中做-宾语从句在句中做-表语从句在句中做-同位语从句在句中-,主语,宾语,表语,同位语,1.That he will come is certain.,2.I know that he will come.,3.The truth is that I have been there.,4.The fact that she was late surprised us.,请判断出下列的句子属于哪种从句,What I wan
3、t to do is taking a bath.The news that they won the game spread the whole school.I dont think he is an honest boy.The fact is that he stole the car.Do you know the fact that he stole the car?Do you know the man who is standing over there?It is said that they won the game.,(主从),(同位语从句),(宾从),(表从),(同位语
4、从句),(定从),(主从),主语从句,that whether who whom whose what which when where why how,从 句引导词:,1.That he knows Japanese is known to all.,他懂英语,这一点大家都知道,令我惊讶的是在这儿见到他.,3.When he will come is unknown.,4.Whether he is coming doesnt matter much.,他来不来没什么要紧的,他什么时候来不清楚.,他们是怎么登上山顶的仍是个秘密.,5.It remains a secret how they
5、climbed up the mountain.,主语从句的位置 1.在句首 2.主语较长时通常放在后面,句首主语用 It,主语太长了!放到句尾,That无词义,不可省略,What“什么”,“所.的”,2.What surprised me was to see him here.,When“什么时候”,主语从句不用 if,位于句首,主语从句,主语从句在复合句中做句子的主语。,1.That most of these are now threatened and may disappear is a serious matter to the people in Britain.,2.Why
6、he failed the exam wasnt clear.,4.It is a pity that she cannot come.,3.Whether he has failed the exam wasnt clear.,2）主语从句的连接词,1.连词that(无词义,不作成分,不能省略,只起连接作用);whether(是否),不作成分,不用if.That he will come and help us is certain.Whether we will succeed is still a question.,注意:已确定的事由that引导;没决定的事由whether引导.,他星
7、期三来这里是肯定的。,That he will come here on Wednesday is certain.,注意：从句作主语时，就算是句子意思完整，都要加上从属连词that,他星期三是否来这里还不肯定的。,Whether he will come here on Wednesday is not certain.,注意：that 引导的主语从句放在句首很少，只是为了强调或谓语较长时才这样,3.连接副词when(ever),where(ever),how(ever),why,how long,how often,how soon,how far,how many/much 等.,Whe
8、n the test will be given is not yet decided.How much we can spend must be agreed on.,2.连接代词what,whatever,who,whoever,which,whichever,whose等.在从句做主语/宾语/表语,What you said is perfectly true.(宾语)Whoever comes will be welcome.谁来都欢迎,连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。在主语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、状语这些连接词不能省略；,注意,连
9、接代词和连接副词在句中所做成分：What caused the accident is a complete mystery.Whatever she said was right.Who will win the match is still unknown.Whoever comes to the party will receive a present.,When hell be back depends much on the weather.Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.Why he
10、 failed the exam wasnt clear.How the book will sell depends on its author.,3）注意事项：,为了使句子结构平衡，避免头重脚轻，主语从句常用“it”作形式主语，把真正的主语放在后面。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：,It is known to us that he will come here.,（1）It+be+形容词+主语从句（2）It+be+名词+主语从句（3）It+不及物动词+主语 从句（4）It+及物 动词的被动语态+主语从句,常用句型如下：,It+be+形容词 主语从句,It is nece
11、ssary/important that.是有必要/重要的It is obvious/clear that 很明显It is certain/true that 是肯定的It is true that 是事实It is strange that 很奇怪It is natural that 是很自然的,It+be+名词 主语从句,It is a pity/a shame 真遗憾It is a surprise.令人惊奇的是It is a fact 事实是It is an honor 是我的荣幸 It is a wonder 是奇迹,It+不及物动词 that从句,It appears/seems
12、 that 似乎/看起来It happens that.碰巧It occurred to me that 我突然想起It doesnt matter whether,It+be+-ed分词 主语从句,It is believed/thought that 人们相信It is well known to us/all that.众所周知It has been decided that 已经决定It is said/reported that 据听说/据报道Eg:It is known to us how he became a writer.我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。,It+及物动词（被
13、动语态）+主语从句,It is a pity that we cant go.It is certain that she will do well in her exam.It is said that Mr.Green has arrived in Beijing.It depends on the climate whether they are going shopping today.,2.在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should)+do”，常用的句型有：,It is necessary(important,natural,str
14、ange,etc.)that It is suggested(requested,proposed,desired,etc.)that,主语从句中的虚拟语气,It is suggested,ordered,proposed,required,demanded,requested,insisted+that(should)do It is important,necessary,natural,desirable,strange,advisable,impossible+that(should)do It is a pity,a shame,no wonder(难怪)+that(should)d
15、o,what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语,宾语,表语，而that 则不然。例如：1)_you said yesterday is right.2)_she is still alive is a good thing.,What,That,3.what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别,用 it 句型翻译:,据说今年高一学生要学新教材.事实是他们靠自己完成了所有的任务.碰巧他们已经参加过军训了.众所周知,比尔 盖茨是世界上最富有的人.我们应该养成好的学习习惯这很重要.,It is said that the Senior Grade one students will
16、learn a new text this year.,It is a fact that they finished all the work by themselves.,It happened that they had had their military training.,It is well-known that Bill Gates is the richest person in the world.,It is important that we(should)form a good habit of studying.,II.表语从句,在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。,1.
17、That is why he didnt pass the exam.,2.The question is where he has gone.,3.The problem is that he has gone.,4.It looks/seems as if/though it were going to rain.,表语从句,从 句 同主语从句(11个),外加as if/引导词:as though,1.The truth is that he has never been to the countryside.,2.The question is whether we can finish
18、 the experiment by Friday.,3.It looks as if it were going to rain.,that 一般不省略,表语从句不用 if,4.This school is no longer what it was before.,系动词后面,注意下列表语从句中where,how,why 的译法,This is where Lu Xun once lived.That was how they won the match.This is why she got up so early this morning.,我们就是这样克服困难的.那就是他昨天缺席的原
19、因.这就是我们上星期碰头的地方.,This is/That was how we overcame the difficulties.,That is why he was absent yesterday.,This is where we met last Sunday.,This is 总是现在时That is 表示性质 That was 指过去动作,固定句型:This is where This is why This is how.,这就是的地方,这就是的原因,这就是的方法,试区分以下句子,Is this museum what you visited?,Is this the mu
20、seum that you visited?,Is this museum the one that you visited?,注意：这种句子考试时一定要记住这句话：名词前（尤其是单数可数名词前）一定要有限定词。然后把句子变换成陈述句，接着判断句子是属于哪种从句再完成。,(表从),(定从),(定从),II 表语从句,在句中充当表语的从句(即放在be动词后面)叫做表语从句。,我们的目的是他能认识到错误。,Our purpose is that he can realize his faults.,注意：引导表语从句的连接词一般不省略。,问题是它是否值得做。,The question is whe
21、ther it is worth doing.,注意：表语从句表示“是否”只用“whether”而不用“if”,2.1 引导表语从句的关联词,引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if引导。其基本结构为：主语+系动词+that从句，引导表语从句的词有that，whether，who，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever，when，where，why，how，because等。,(1)that,whether引导的表语从句,that在引导表语从句时无词义，不做成分，而whether有词义，意为、“是否”,不做
22、成分。这时主句的主语常常是些抽象名词,如 question,trouble,problem,result,chance,suggestion，idea，reason等。eg:The reason is that you dont trust her.The question is whether they will be able to help us.问题是他们是否能帮我们。,(2)连接代词引导的表语从句,连接代词what,who,whom,which,whose,whatever,whoever,whomever,whichever 在句中作主语/宾语，不能省略。eg:The proble
23、m is who can replace her.问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。Thats what he is worrying about.那就是他在担心的事。,(3)连接副词引导的表语从句,连接副词 where,when,how,why在表语从句中做状语The question is how he did it.问题是他是如何做此事的。,(4)连词because,as if,as though,He was late this morning.That was because he was caught in a traffic jam.All this was over twenty
24、years ago,but its as if it was only yesterday.这都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一样。He looked just as he had looked ten years before.他看起来还与十年前一样。注：从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句，能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be,seem,look等。It looked as if it was going to rain.看起来天要下雨了。,难点,1.连词because可引导表语从句。如：eg:I think it is because you are doi
25、ng too much.我想这是因为你做得太多。2.引导表语从句的that不省略，that仅起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何成分，无任何意义。eg:The impression he makes on me is that he is a reliable person.他给我的印象是他是一个可靠的人3.whether可引导表语从句，表“是否”，它在从句中不充当成分，if不能引导表语从句。eg:Whether John will do this experiment remains a question.,4.the reason后面的表语从句只能用that引导，易犯“the reason is
26、 because”的错误 eg:The reason why he was late was that his car broke down on the way.5.在表示命令order,advice,suggestion,desire,proposal,demand,request,requirement等的名词后的表语从句中，谓语动词要 用虚拟语气：should+动词原形，should可省略 eg:His suggestion is that we(should)hold another meeting to discuss the problem.,最具代表性的表语从句,1.That
27、is why practice is the most important in learning English.2.The village is no longer what it used to be ten years ago.3.That was because he was caught in a traffic jam.4.The reason why he was late was that his car broke down on the way.,I know him.2.I know who he is.,主语,谓语,宾语,（简单句）,主语,谓语,宾 语 从 句,连词,
28、从句主语,从句谓语,主 句,复合句,III.宾语从句,在句中充当及物动词或介词或某些形容词的宾语的句子叫做宾语从句。通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词或形容词之后。,1.I think that it will be of no use.,2.I wonder if you can do me a favour.,3.It depends on whether the boss will agree to you or not.,4.Im sure that you will win the game.,1.作动词的宾语(1)动词后直接+宾语从句 由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可
29、以省略),例如：I heard that he joined the army.由what,whether(if)引导的宾语从句，例如：She did not know what had happened.I wonder whether you can change this note for me.(2)动词间接宾语宾语从句。例如：She told me that she would accept my invitation.,3.作形容词的宾语 I am afraid(that)Ive made a mistake.I am sure(that)he will win the game.
30、,2.作介词的宾语 I dont care for who marries him.We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.,宾语从句三要素：,连 接 词,时 态,语 序,3.1引导词,由从属连词that引导的宾语从句,连接代词 Who,whom,whose,which what 连接副词 where,how,why,when引导的宾语从句,由从属连词 whether,if 引导的宾语从句,由从属连词that引导的宾语从句,注：that 在句中无词汇意义，在从句中不能充当成分，在口语或非正式文体中往往省略,e.g
31、.I hear(that)_.（一小时后他会回来）He said(that)_.（他非常想念我们）The teacher told us(that)_.（地球围着太阳转）,he will be back in an hour,he missed us very much,the earth moves around the sun,由从属连词whether,if 引导的宾语从句,e.g.1.I want to know _.（他是否跟我们一起去公园）2.Ask him _.（他是否能来）3.I dont know _.（是否要下雨）,if(whether)he will go to the p
32、ark with us,whether(if)he can come,whether it is going to rain or not,whether,if在从句中不能充当成分，当句末为or not时，引导词只能用whether而不能用if.,由连接代词what,whom,whose,which,what连接副词 when,where,how,why引导的宾语从句,3.2 语序,宾语从句的语序用陈述语序：连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分,3.3 时态,I know he lives here.I know he lived here ten years ago.I have heard tha
33、t he will come tomorrow.,主句用现在时或将来时，从句可用任何时态，根据实际情况而定。,2.如果主句是过去的时态（一般过去时，过去进行时），从句的时态一定要用相对应的过去的某种时态（一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时）,I knew who lived here.I saw she was talking with her mother.He asked whether his father would come back tomorrow.He said that he had seen it.,The teacher told me she was born in 1960.I heard that he went to Paris last night.,3.从句说明的是一般真理、客观事实、自然现象时，仍用一般现在时。,Dad told us tha
