1、但是，我们应该注意到，那些分析师已经把二十世纪的最后十年，洗礼成了民主和自由市场资本主义在“世界新秩序”下的共同的庇护所。当然，这十年标志着一个决定性“二战后的”或“冷战”的世界的结束，也开辟了一个新的时代。在向广岛和长崎投下原子弹后的45年间，世界被“自由”和“共产主义”影响着，1989年柏林墙的倒塌也让事情产生了变化。世界仍然在适应这些变化，各个国家也趋向于重新调整地缘政治的秩序。Historically, the worlds nations have always been involved in a struggle for power. In the twentieth centu
2、ry the rise of the United States of America to superpower status prompted many to label the era “the American Century” and the dominance of American popular culture and products came to be called “Americanization （美国化）.” Currently there is a rise in what might be termed “America-phobia （恐怖症）” as som
3、e groups seek to tear down the hegemony （霸权） held by the United States.There are widespread complaints about the cheapness of American culture with its runaway 逃跑, 失控的 materialism.Others fear the transformation of their own culture to mirror changing American patterns, from birth-control pills to ge
4、nder equality. Still others, who refuse, or are too young, to remember when the United States was an indispensable part of “the West” buttressing （支持） Europe with an economic aid package called the Marshall Plan and protecting European and Japanese growth through military security only see a selfish
5、 nation that goes its own way without a due respect for world opinion.There is no doubt that American military and economic power is in a league of its own. 从历史角度来看，世界各国一直被卷入一场权力斗争当中。在20世纪，美国超级大国地位的上升，促使许多人将这个时代为“美国世纪”的时代，同时美国流行文化和产品所占的主导地位，逐渐被称为“美国化”。目前有一种可能被称之“美国恐惧症”（的趋势）在上升，因为一些团体试图推倒美国持有的霸权。对于伴随
6、着失控的廉价的唯物主义美国文化存在着广泛的投诉。其他一部分人担心自己的文化转型，所折射出的从避孕药到性别平等（等方面）不断变化的美国模式。还有一些人，他们（选择）拒绝，或者是（因为）太年轻了，而忘记了美国作为“西部大开发”不可缺少的一部分扶持欧洲经济的紧急措施的马歇尔计划。同时，它通过军事安全和保护欧洲和日本的增长，（这让人们）只看到一个自私的国家按照自己的方式行事而没有给以世界舆论应有的尊重。毫无疑问，美国的军事和经济力量只有它自己的作为联盟。The criticism is as justified as it is expected.As the leading world power,
7、 the United States gets the focus of world criticism on every issue domestic and international.This is not new. The discovery and colonization of the New World thrust America into the spotlight （聚光灯） in the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries. The eighteenth-century revolution against Britain tha
8、t established a liberal nation and the unprecedented population and territorial growth of the nineteenth century kept the nation highlighted.The twentieth-century world wars of nationalism forged coalitions （合并） that put the United States in the preeminent （卓越的） global position by 1945, and the Cold
9、 War advanced American power to the position it now holds. The countrys unique standing has brought criticism not only for what it is and has been, but for the ways it acts and portrays its actions. 这种批评像它所预期的一样是合乎道理的。作为世界领先的力量，美国对于国内和国际的每一个问题都成为世界批评的焦点。这并不新鲜。在十五到十七世纪，新世界的发现和殖民将美国变成举世瞩目的焦点。十八世纪的英国革命
10、反对建立一个自由和（拥有）前所未有的人口的国家，同时，19世纪的领土增长使它一直在被注视。20世纪的世界民族战争所锻造的联盟于1945年美国将美国推进了全球的卓越位置，同时，冷战又让美国的实力提升到和现在相同的位置。它的独特地位带来了批评，不仅因为它过去和现在是什么，同时也因为它起作用的方式对其行动的描绘。America is new, or likes to assert that notion. Americans often think of themselves as a people of the future whose personal pasts can be overcome
11、 or reinvented, even if they will volunteer upon the first meeting with any stranger that their families came from Ireland, from Germany, from Vietnam, or from elsewhere outside the US.The key word is “from” as in, the Old World is a good place to be “from.” With Americans, it is the right here and
12、right now that has their attention.They seem to care more about the future and of what could become.Most Americans see themselves as risk-takers who grasp at chances to get a new life for themselves and their children.Sometimes that means leaving family and national ties behind to cross an ocean or
13、a continent. Americans imagine themselves and their country in many ways; but when looking into a mirror, they are likely to see the reflected image of a dream that began not so long ago. 美国是新的，或喜欢断言这一概念。美国人往往认为自己作为一个拥有未来的人，其个人的过去是可以克服或改造的，即使他们会自愿和任何的陌生人进行第一次会面，这些陌生人的家人可能来自爱尔兰，德国，越南或美国以外的其他地方。关键的词是“
14、来自”，和正在一样，旧世界是个作为“来自”的好地方。对美国人来说，这是他们随时随地所注意的。他们似乎更关心将来可能成为什么。大多数美国人都认为自己作为冒险者把握机会，为自己和自己的孩子获得了新生。有时这意味着离开家庭和国家的关系然后越过海洋或大陆。美国人在许多方面想象着自己和自己的国家。但当寻找到了镜子时，他们可能会看到一个不久前才开始的反射梦想的影像。Much of what has happened in the history of the United States is based upon the European imagination of a New World.Europe
15、ans imagined America before they discovered it and, in the years since discovering it, they have been trying to define what it is that makes it different.Christopher Columbus never understood that he had located a new continent or continents in 1492, but died steadfastly （踏实地, 不变地） believing that he
16、 was somewhere in eastern Asia.Others spoke of the discovery of an Atlantis, a lost continent that had long filled the European imagination. In the sixteenth century, explorers from many nations some using a new map, Amerika, named for the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci canvassed （彻查） the coast o
17、f the New World, sailing into inlets, collecting souvenirs, and being astonished at what they did or did not find there. 在美国历史上发生了什么事大部分是根据欧洲一个新的世界的想象力。欧洲人想象美国才发现它，发现它几年以后，他们一直试图定义它是什么以使它与众不同的。克里斯托弗哥伦布从未明白，他在1492年已经找到了一个新的大陆或大陆群，却坚定不移地相信，它是在亚洲东部的某处。其他的另一部分人提到（他们）发现了亚特兰蒂斯，那是一个早已充满了欧洲的想象力的失落的大陆。在十六世纪，
18、来自许多国家的探险家，他们中的一些人使用新的地图。美国是以征询彻查新大陆的海岸的意大利探险家亚美利哥韦斯普奇的名字命名的，他们航行进水湾，收集纪念品，并惊讶于什么所有他们找到和找不到的一切。The seemingly unlimited areas of free land provoked speculation about a New Eden where Indians lived easily off the land in a state of innocence, with no need for clothing or work.Others reasoned that Indi
19、ans, being so different, must be “red devils” who should be summarily（立刻, 草率地） dealt with by the believers in Christ and civilization. Basically disregarding the claims of the Indians they encountered, Europeans saw the new land as a tabula rasa a blank slate （石板） on which to write the dreams of nat
20、ional power by establishing colonies and exploiting raw materials.But whatever Europeans believed and they believed many things they were overcome with the possibilities of what could be gained from possessing a part of America. 这个看似不收限制的自由的地域机器了关于一个新的伊甸园的推测，在那里，印第安人可以以一种纯真的状态自由自在地生活，不需要为穿衣和工作为发愁。另外
21、的一些人推断如此不一样的印第安人必定是在基督文明可以草率地处理的信徒的“红色的魔鬼”。他们基本上无视他们所遇到的印第安人，欧洲人把这块新的土地看做一块白板，一块通过建立殖民地和原材料利用国家权力谱写梦想的空白的石板。但无论欧洲人怎样认为他们相信很多事情他们始终相信能够克服一切而得以拥有美国的一部分。The idea of building something new on new land, of having the freedom to do so, of looking toward the future and not the past, of accepting the progre
22、ss of change over the stasis （停滞） of continuity, and of individual rebirth/recreation, inspired European adventurers and became the story of the American people.During the Age of Discovery, Europeans tried to define the dream that might be; during the Age of Reason, philosopher John Locke made what
23、has proven to be a long-lasting appeal to innocence: “in the beginning, all the world was America.” 有权在新的土地上建设新的东西，面向的是未来而不是过去，接受变革的进展和停滞的连续性，以及个人能够重生，这样的想法激励着欧洲的探险家们并让它成为美国人民的故事。在大航海时代，欧洲人试图定义定义这个可能的梦想;在理性时代，哲学家约翰洛克已证明这是一个对于童真的长期持久吸引：“在开始的时候，世界上所有的地方都是美国。“The American Dream and American history ste
24、m directly from these European dreams and imaginings.From its discovery until the present day, America-the-place as well as America-the-idea has been discussed as opportunity. It has been seen as a “safe haven” where conditions could be altered in favor of whoever needed change.Immigration, economic
25、 opportunity, and the chance for individual redefinition are central components of the American Dream. 美国梦和美国历史直接源于欧洲的梦想和想象。从它的发现至今，美国这个地方，以及美国这种想法已经变成一个机会被讨论。它一直被视为那些赞成需要改变的人可以改变条件的“避风港”。移民，经济机会，和重新定义个人的机会，是“美国梦”的核心组成部分。At the 1950 Nobel Prize ceremony in Stockholm, the American author and literatu
26、re winner, William Faulkner, told the audience, “The big difference between Europe and America is that we are still adding stars to the flag” （quoted in T. Morgan, 1993: 11）.This was a patriotic statement of Cold War logic as well as a literal prediction that saw Alaska and Hawaii added to the flag
27、in 1959.Addition has been central to American history. Historian Ted Morgan calls the American experience an “unending quest” and agrees with Faulkner that “the American flag is unlike any other, because its an add-on flag, with room to grow” T. Morgan, 1993: 11）.Morgan wrote of the exceptionalism （
28、例外论） of the American experience because the seventeenth-century Europeans who would provide the impetus （推动力） for the new nation arrived before the government did, landing in places where no government had previously existed （American Indians notwithstanding） and where control by European government
29、s was shaky and ever-changing.Both Faulkner and Morgan declare for youth and mobility in American thinking. 1950年在斯德哥尔摩举行的诺贝尔颁奖仪式上，美国作家和文学奖得主威廉福克纳，告诉观众，“欧洲和美国之间最大的区别是，我们仍然在增加我们国旗上的星星。”（引自T.摩根，1993：11）。这是一个涉及冷战逻辑和文字预测的爱国的陈述，它看到阿拉斯加和夏威夷在1959年加入的标志。增加已经变成了美国的核心。历史学家特德摩根称美国的经验为“无止境的追求”，并同意与福克纳所说：“是不同于其他任何美国国旗，因为它是一个拥有成长空间追加的标志。”（T.摩根，1993：摩根写道：美国的经验的例外论，因为17世纪的欧洲人在政府有所作为之前为新的国家政府
