1、英语四级语法总结四级语法讲义一：时态：所谓的时态，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表：1主动形式过去现在将来过去将来一般diddowill/shall doshould/would do进行was/were doingam/is/are doingwill/shall be doing/完成had donehave/has donewill/shall have doneshould/would have done用于虚拟语气完成进行had been doinghave/has been doing/2被动形式过去现在将来过去将来一般was/were givenam/is/are given
2、will/shall be givenshould/would be given进行was/were being givenam/is/are being given/完成had been givenhave/has been givenwill/shall have been givenshould/would have been given完成进行/ CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。 时间状语从句当中的时态： 一般过去时 所有的过去用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来 现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成一非谓语动词一不定式：一）不定式的常考形式：1)一
3、般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 语法功能： 表示与谓语动词同步发生2)完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me.被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 二）不定式常考的考点：1）不定式做定语-将要发生2）不定式做状语-
4、目的3）不定式充当名词功能-To see is to believe. 三)不定式的省略 1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel+ do 表示动作的完整性，真实性；+ doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调我看见了这个事实)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调我见他正干活这个动作） 感官
5、动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable. 2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to I d like to have John do it. I have my package weighed.Paul doesnt have to be made to learn. 3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do四)有些动词后只跟不定式如：want，wish，hope，manage，promise，ref
6、use，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up t
7、o; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to.三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中，want不太常用。He needs (
8、a lot of) encouraging. 二. 动名词： 具有动作性特征的名词1)是名词 seeing is believing2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语 starving troops is necessary.一)动名词的形式:一般形式：I dont like you smoking. 完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice.被动形式：This question is far from being settled.二) 动名词常考的点1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否
9、定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语.I would appreciate_ back this afternoon Ayou to call Byou call Cyou calling Dyoure calling（Key：C your calling 也对）I regret not having taken your advice.4)有些词后只能接动名词admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; disp
10、ute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; cant help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand. 另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法：its no
11、 good; its no/little/hardly any/ use; its not/hardly/scarcely use; its worthwhile; spend money/time; theres no; theres no point in; theres nothing worse than; whats the use/point.5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意义截然不容。I remembered to post the letters. (指未来
12、/过去未来的动作)I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我记得这个动作)forgot与remember的用法类似。I regret to inform you that 我很遗憾地通知你I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 为了二十年前的离开而遗憾。try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness.try ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day. I mean to go
13、, but my father would not allow me to. 打算、想我想去，但我父亲不让我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 意味着赠加工资意味着增加购买力。prefer的用法：我宁愿在这里等。I prefer to wait here. （所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。）I prefer waiting here.（我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。）I prefer swimming to cycling. （这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。）3 分词：现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态现在分词的形式:1)一
14、般式: Do you see the man talking to the dean（主任）? (与谓语动词同步发生)2)完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (发生谓语动词之前)3)完成被动形式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 发生谓语动词之前且表示被动)过去分词1)过去分词表示被动：Fight no battle unprepared.2)过去分词的进行形式：Youll find the topic being discussed everywhere
15、. (强调正在被做)这三种非谓语动词，都可以构成复合结构，非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系主动还是被动，往往就是考点。独立主格结构中，要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被动的关系。二：虚拟三：虚拟语气情态动词所表达的可能性程度：must/cant ? should/shouldnt ? might/may (not)另外两个类情态词的形式：need/neednt; have to/dont have to 最自然的虚拟状态：由should/would+原型时态（不含时间只含状态）本质上是过去将来时：即，时间固定在过去将来，状态不同：一般、进行、完成、
16、完成进行。这时虚拟语气的产生往往是因为我们要表达本来应该（而现在却还没有）（本来可以，本来能）I should go! ( but Im still here!) (一般)I should be working now! (进行)I should have practiced more (than I did)! (完成)我应该多多练习！（言下之意，现在我练习得不多。）I shouldnt dream away my time too much! (完成的否定)(actually I did dream away my time too much!)It shouldnt have been
17、leaking for such a long time! (完成进行)I may/might/could have finished! (完成)一些常见的句型中，就会出现这种虚拟语气，而处于从句之中，should 常常被省略掉osuggest, advise, propose, recommend, plan;odemand, order, direct, arrange, command, decide;orequire, request;othink, expect, believe, insist, suspect.由于他们的含义中包含建议，假设，应该这类的含义，所以，由他们引起的从句
18、中，就会包含有should+原型时态构成的虚拟语气。这些动词（以及他们的名次形式，分词形式）引起的从句还有其他的变形：主语从句，表语从句，同位语从句Its suggested thatMy suggestion is thatThe only suggestion that.The only suggestion I can give you now is that 一些形容词引起的表语从句中，也会有同样的情况 important; necessary; essentialIts natural ; strange; incredible that a pity; a shame; no wo
19、nder 由lest, for fear that, in case 引起的从句中多使用should 表达与事实相反1. 与现在相反：使用过去时：I wish I were not here! (一般现在?一般过去)Suppose we were not here.He loved me as if I were his own son. (一般现在?一般过去)Hope I werent always losing things! (现在进行?过去进行)If only/If I hadnt been there! (现在完成?过去完成)What if I hadnt been waiting
20、right here! (现在完成进行?过去完成进行)常考句型：Its (high) time (that); would rather (that) 这两个从句，只能表达对现在的看法，所以，从句中只有一般过去时。2. 与过去相反：过去完成时； How nice it is if I had past the test! How nice it is if I had slept a little more this morning!3. 与将来相反？将来的事情没有发生，所以只能推测。 If it rains tomorrow, well have to stay one day more.
21、不过，由于可以用be to表示将来；所以，虚拟语气中经常出现were to；也是CET-4的常考语法点。 虚拟条件句oif 部分，做一个与事实相反的假设（所以只有一般过去和过去完成）；o主句部分，这是表示基于这个假设的推测，一般使用情态动词would，少数情况下使用could/might/may。o注意：两个部分之间，是有逻辑关系，而在两部分的谓语动词时态上，没有必然的联系。 注意，虚拟条件句中的if可以省略，造成were/had提前，产生倒装。 隐含的非真实条件What would you do with 50 thousand dollar?How could I be happy wit
22、hout you?除了条件状语从句之外，原因状语从句也会出现虚拟语气。o由in order that, so that引起的从句，肯定的时候可以使用may/might; can/could; 否定的时候，多用shouldnt;owhoever, whatever, no matter what引起的从句中，多用may+情态动词的基本用法及其区别 最近几年高考试题中常常借助语境来考查情态动词的基本用法及其区别，因此在平时学习时准确理解和掌握情态动词的基本用法十分重要。情态动词的用法复杂多变，在高考试题中，命题者常常利用语境和句子之间意义上的细微差别来考查学生对情态动词的理解和掌握。对于情态动词，
23、除了要求考生能够准确掌握它们的基本用法外，还要充分利用高考试题所设置的语境来分析句子之间所体现的特殊关系。下面就近几年来高考试题中出现的情态动词的考点进行归纳分析，以便同学们复习掌握。 一、用“情态动词have done”结构表示对过去动作的推测，高考试题中常用过去时态或过去的时间状语给以暗示。情态动词的这一用法可以用 “对立统一”来概括。 1当试题的前句和后句在动作和意义上相互补充说明，且整个句意在动作和时间上是一个整体时，我们可用“统一”关系来解决这样的试题。常见的结构有： must have done： 表示对过去动作的肯定推测，常译作“一定做了”，只能用于肯定句中。其否定形式为cant
24、couldnt have done 疑问式为CanCould.have done。 could might have done：表示对过去发生的动作的可能性推测，常译作“可能做了”。如： 1) My sister met him at the Grand Theater yesterday afternoon, so he your lecture A couldnt have attended B neednt have attended C mustnt have attended D shouldnt have attended 本题选A。 2) Jack yet, otherwise
25、he would have telephoned me A mustnt have arrived B shouldnt have arrived C cant have arrived D need not have arrived （C） 2当试题的前后句在动作和意义上构成转折关系时，常借助“but, however, instead”等词来表示过去的动作与客观事实不符，这时我们就可以用“对立”关系来解决这样的试题。这种结构常见的有： should have done ought to have done：表示过去本应该做某事而实际上没有做。 should not have done ou
26、ght not to have done：表示过去本不应该做某事但事实上却做了。 need have done：表示过去本来有必要去做某事，但事实上没有做。 need not have done：表示过去本来没有必要做某事，但事实上却做了。如：3) I was really anxious about you You home without a word (NMET2001) A mustnt leave B shouldnt have left C couldnt have left D neednt leave“本不应该离家出走却走了”，故本题选B。 4) I told Sally ho
27、w to get here, but perhaps I for her (NMET94)A had to write it out B must have written it outC should have written it out D ought to write it out由句中的连词but可知前后句之间是对立关系，分析题意可知本题应选C。二、考查情态动词基本用法之间的比较和辨析。最近几年高考试题中常借助具体的语境来考查考生对那些最常见的情态动词的基本用法的理解和掌握，因此在做这样的试题时应认真分析语境中所含的实际意义，并结合情态动词的基本含义和用法做出正确的选择。5) Is
28、John coming by train He should, but he not He likes driving his car A must B can C need D may mustnt 表示“禁止、不准”；cannot 表示“不可能”；need not 表示“不必要”；may not 表示“可能不”。分析语境可知本题应选D。 6) I hear youve got a set of valuable Australian coins I have a look Yes, certainly A Do B May C Shall D Should 分析语境可知这是在征求对方的许可
29、，may表示“允许、可以”，语气比较委婉 shall常用于第一、三人称作主语的疑问句中,表示征求对方意见和指示，如果此空用shall，则意为“要（我）看一下吗？”，不符合上下文意思。故本题选B。 7) Mr Bush is on time for everything How it be that he was late for the opening ceremony A can B should C may D must must be 表示肯定的猜测，只能用于肯定句中，由题意可知本题应选A。 8) Are you coming to Jeffs party Im not sure I g
30、o to the concert instead A must B would C should D might 由题意和下句中的 “Im not sure” 可知这段对话中存在一种可能性推测，might可以用来表示一种比较委婉的可能性判断，故本题选D。又如： I should have been there, but I not find the time A would B could C might D should 分析题意可知第二个分句表示过去的某种能力；C 项只表示语气上的可能性，与题意不符。故本题选B。 9) Johnny, you play with the knife, you hurt yourself A wont; cant B mustnt; may C shouldnt; must D cant; shouldnt mustnt 表示“不可以；禁止”，分析题意可知第二个空表示某种可能
