1、雅思英语基本句型前言在一些高级英语考试当中，如托福、雅思、GRE和GMAT中，动辄好几行的长句子难免让人感到头痛。本系列试图将构成长句子的各种因素逐一拆解，给大家一个清晰的思路，以使大家用最少的阅读次数读懂长句。需要大家注意的是，一个真正复杂的句子通常都是好几种语法结构的组合，所以，大家只有对每种情况都非常熟悉，才能确保思路不断。另外，文中所有的译文，都仅用来供大家核对自己的理解是否合理，而不是严格意义上的“翻译”。我们的目的是最好的理解，而不是最完美的翻译，毕竟翻译是另一门学问了。大量的阅读也是良好写作能力的基石，试想有哪个阅读量为零的人能写出漂亮的文章呢？因此大家在理解长句的基础上，应该设
2、法把各种语法特点用在自己的写作过程之中。第一章 “先主后次”原则和介词短语后置汉语的表达思维通常是“先次后主”原则。如：关于石油的真正争议是它对挪威生活方式的威胁。1. The real argument over oil is its threat to the Norwegian way of life.又如：研究这些新材料的关键在于研究人员与日俱增的在分子水平控制物质的能力。2. The key to the research of the new materials is researchers increasing ability tomanipulate substances at
3、 the molecular level.有时，修饰成分也可以被其他内容所修饰而成为被修饰成分，就产生了介词的接连出现，于是句子变长了。如：通过用某些超龄的驱逐舰交换在西半球的英国领地建设美军基地的权利，美国帮助了英国。3. The U.S. helped Britain by exchanging certain overage destroyers for the right to establish American bases in British territory in the Western Hemisphere.再如：年轻一代的教育的主要目的之一是为未来的市民配备他们在成年社会
4、所需要的一 切。4. One of the chief aims of educations of the younger generation is to equip future citizens with all they require to take their place in adult society.4名词后的介词短语通常用来修饰前面的名词，但要注意区分动词短语中的介词与起修饰作用的介词结构的区分，同时一些常用的名词/动词与介词的固定搭配也需要牢记，才能正确的应用到自己的作文中。后置定语练习：1. the research literature on left-handedn
5、ess 2. nine out of ten people 3. a genetic or inherited element to handedness 4. about 6 per cent of children with two right-handed parents 5. off-spring with the same handedness 6. paralysis of the right half of their body.7. a brain researcher at the Australian National University in Canberra 8. f
6、ine control of movement 9. some capacity in the right hemisphere 10. the recovery of speech 11. her studies of macaque monkeys 12. a trend in monkeys towards the asymmetry 13. a clearer image of smaller and smaller objects 14. detailed imaging of the inner workings of cells 15. the invention of the
7、ribbon machine by Corning in the 1920s 16. one of the great mechanical achievements of all time 17. a moving belt of steel 18. The secret of the versatility of glass 19. the atoms in the raw materials 20. meeting facilities in Sydneys southern suburbs21. an organisational structure with only three l
8、evels of management 22. a preference for people with some service experience 23. The balance of the positions at the hotel 24. people from all three categories 25. greater management flexibility during peak and quiet times 26. The most crucial way of improving the labour cost structure at SAH 27. mo
9、re productive ways of providing customer service 28. their own suggestions for improvement 29. Trade outside the city 30. Estimates of the ratio of basic to service workers 31. lower Manhattan between two river mouths 32. an unrealistic optimism about the nature of the zoo industry 33. a serious und
10、erestimate of the total number of places 34. A prevalent attitude amongst many nurses in the group 35. the level of absenteeism amongst the 250 Registered an Enrolled Nurses in the present study 36. incentives from local businesses 37. the ward with the lowest absence rate 38. working schedule withi
11、n the limits of clinical needs 39. the pattern of absence of staff with excessive sick leave 40. a 5 per cent decrease from the first to the second year of the study. 41. A significant decrease in absence over the two -year period 42. he long-term effects of incentive awards on absenteeism 43. signi
12、ficant improvements in communication between managers and staff 44. implementation of the third strategy 45. concentration of vehicles 46. air quality in urban areas 47. 90 per cent of inland freight in the United Kingdom 48. the old modes of transport 49. life without a car 50. Mass use of motor ve
13、hicles 51. A 1993 study by the European Federation for Transport and Environment 52. fuel efficiency of engines 53. Better integration of transport systems 54. The fruitless search for the cause of the increase in illiteracy is a tragic example of the saying They cant see the wood for the trees. 55.
14、 The teachers task of improving comprehension 556. influences outside the classroom 57. books with pictures 58. new hope of liberation from the shadows of cancer 59. every single gene within the double helix of humanitys DNA 60. new forms of discrimination and new methods of oppression 61. a variety
15、 of species with overlapping periods of activity. 62. an integral part of the successful management of dairy farms in Australia over the past few decades 固定搭配1. turned to the brain for clues 2. a number of things 3. dispose of that unwanted material.4. process information by means of light 5. hundre
16、ds of times 6. take advantage of the need for breaking up the bulk material 7. Good local government is already bringing this about in some places. 8. But few democratic communities are blessed with the vision - and the capital - to make such profound changes in modern lifestyles. 9. A more likely s
17、cenario seems to be a combination of mass transit systems for travel into and around cities, with small low emission cars for urban use and larger hybrid or lean burn cars for use elsewhere. 10. There is a great concern in Europe and North America about declining standards of literacy in schools. 11
18、. decline in literacy. 12. a great deal of empirical evidence shows that pictures interfere in a damaging way with all aspects of learning to read. 13. prevents children younger than nine from creating a mental image 14. It is hard to wean children off picture books 15. a narrow focus on disease 16.
19、 sense of values 17. free humanity from the terrible scourge of diverse diseases 18. Many characteristics, such as height and intelligence, result not from the action of genes alone, but from subtle interactions between genes and the environment. 19. the beetles to dispose of the dung 综合应用1. learn a
20、 hand preference from their mother in the first year of life 2. the specialisation in function of the two hemispheres results in anatomical differences 3. Every brain is initially female in its organisation.4. attitudes towards left-handed people are gradually changing for the better 5. a new type o
21、f glass fashioned of nuclear waste in order to dispose of that unwanted material. 6. the cost of one was equivalent to half a days pay for the average worker 7. the atoms in the raw materials are disturbed from their normal position in the molecular structure 8. Glass as instant curtains is availabl
22、e now.9. difficulties in Australia in providing long-term profits for hotel owners 6第二章 定语从句修饰名词的成分叫作“定语”，如果这个修饰成分由句子充当，则称为“定语从句”。根据“先主后次”原则，定语从句只能位于被修饰成分之后，这也给中国考生带来了一些障碍。但是，英文句子的核心成分（主谓宾）的先后顺序与汉语一致，只是各个核心成分的修饰内容，要按照英语的习惯放在被修饰内容的后面。这有点类似中文中使用括号来表达注解作用，例如这个句子：昨天下午讲过的内容和今天讲的内容有点类似。-内容（昨天下午讲的）和内容（今天讲的
23、）有点类似。-The content which was taught yesterday afternoon is somewhat similar to that of today.按这个过程下来，写出的英文就已经比较符合英语的逻辑了。现在我们看看如何理解英文含有定语从句的句子：1. Even among identical twins who have exactly the same genes, one in six pairs will differ in their handedness. 逐字理解如下：即便在同卵双胞胎（他们有完全相同的基因）中，六对中也有一对在用手习惯上有差异
24、。整理后如下：即便在有着完全相同基因的同卵双胞胎中， 。2. Its a system of signs that enables us to categorise phenomena that are essentially ambiguous.逐字理解如下：这是一个符号系统（它使我们能够分类一些现象）。整理后如下：这是一个能够是我们分类一些本质上是模糊的现象的符号系统。是不是一定要整理成最后这样才能理解呢？我相信大部分人在明确修饰关系的前提下，逐字理解，就足够了。这样我们就可以避免不停的将修饰成分按中文习惯摆放在被修饰名词的前面，从而提高了理解的效率。所以，明确哪些是主要成分，哪些是起修饰
25、作用的成分，并且明确了被修饰的是哪个字，我们就可以在不重新调整各个成分的前提下，最快速的理解英文句子。读含有定语从句的复杂句时，关键在于：1， 找到主干（主谓宾）；2，明确修饰关系。这样的话，修饰成分就可以暂时被放在你脑中的一个虚拟括号里来放在后面，用来修饰它前面的名词。不难看出，顺序理解的重要原因就是我们把引导词当成了一个词来处理，以减少重新排序的情况出现：who/that - 这个人，这些人，Ta(们)which/that - 这件事，这个东西，它(们)where - 在这里，在那里when - 在这时，在那时whose - Ta(们)的 7例句：Who/that：1. The resul
26、ts of this research may be some consolation to left-handers who have for centuries lived in a world that is designed to suit right-handed people.2. Those who purchased and prepared land for residential purposes did so to create demand as much as to respond to it.3. This seems an extremely optimistic
27、 proposition from a man who must be aware of the failings and weaknesses of the zoo industry, the man who had to persuade the zoo to devote more of its activities to conservation. 4. The results of this research may be some consolation to left-handers who have for centuries lived in a world designed
28、 to suit right-handed people. 5. The hotel also recognised that it would need a different approach to selecting employees who would fit in with its new policies. Which/that：1. Another thing we mustnt forget is the small ads which are in virtually every newspaper and magazine.2. The ice rests on rock
29、 that is mostly well below sea level.3. A firm called Kyocera has created a line of ceramic scissors and knives that stay sharp for years and never rust or corrode.4. Such approaches are western attempts to tap the same higher intelligence thatwe contact through meditation.5. Norwegians see in them
30、many of the qualities that they regard as essentially Norwegian.6. This involves the investigation of bizarre and idiosyncratic social practices whichhappen to be defined as deviant in some societies but not necessarily in others.7. In Japan, scientists at the Shimizu Corporation have developed spac
31、e creation systems which mix light, sounds, breezes and scents to stimulate people who spend long periods below ground.Where：1. In Tokyo builders are planning a massive underground city to be begun in the next decade, and underground shopping malls are already common in Japan, where 90 percent of the population is squeezed into 20 percent of the landspace.2. Growing numbers of scientists therefore see Antarctica as a sensor, wherepotentially dangerous global trends may be spotted before t
