1、高考英语全国通用版优编增分二轮全国通用版试题专题2 阅读理解 第2节 4四、推理判断 细节推断题(2018全国，C) Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years，but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going.When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers，small，tightly knit(联系) groups developed their own patterns
2、 of speech independent of each other.Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago，when the world had just five to ten million people，they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.Soon afterwards，many of those people started settling down to become farmers，and their languages too became mor
3、e settled and fewer in number.In recent centuries，trade，industrialisation，the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education，especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades，all have caused many languages to disappear，and dominant languages
4、 such as English，Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.At present，the world has about 6,800 languages.The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven.The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages，often spoken by many people，while hot，wet zones have lots，often spok
5、en by small numbers.Europe has only around 200 languages；the Americas about 1,000；Africa 2,400；and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200，of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800.The median number(中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000，which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by
6、 fewer people than that.Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction(消亡)，with only a few elderly speakers left.Pick，at random，Busuu in Cameroon(eight remaining speakers)，Chiapaneco in Mexico (150)，Lipan Apache in the United States (two or three) or Wadjigu in Austral
7、ia (one，with a question-mark)：none of these seems to have much chance of survival.语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了世界上语言的种类随着人类社会的发展而逐渐减少这一现象。28What can we infer about languages in hunter-gatherer times?AThey developed very fast. BThey were large in number.CThey had similar patterns. DThey were closely connected.答
8、案B解+析推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句可知，一些语言专家认为，一万年前，当世界上只有500万到1 000万人时，他们之间可能说12 000种语言。由此可推断，采猎文明时期的语言种类很多。29Which of the following best explains “dominant” underlined in Paragraph 2?AComplex. BAdvanced.CPowerful. DModern.答案C解+析词义猜测题。根据第二段中的“.all have caused many languages to disappear，and dominant languages suc
9、h as English，Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.”可知，人类社会发展的很多因素导致许多语言消失，而逐渐被如英语、西班牙语、汉语等语言取代，这就暗示出这些语言是“占优势的”，故选C项(powerful强大的，有影响力的)。30How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present?AAbout 6,800. BAbout 3,400.CAbout 2,400. DAbout 1,200.答案B解+析数字计算题。根据第三段第一句“At prese
10、nt，the world has about 6,800 languages.”可知，目前世界上大约有6 800种语言；再根据该段最后一句“The median number(中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000，which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that.”可知，目前世界上一半的语言的使用人数少于6 000，也就是说有大约3 400种语言的使用人数少于6 000。31What is the main idea of the text?ANew lan
11、guages will be created.BPeoples lifestyles are reflected in languages.CHuman development results in fewer languages.DGeography determines language evolution.答案C解+析主旨大意题。文章介绍了语言的种类随着人类社会的发展而逐渐减少这一现象，故选C项。一、题型解读细节推断题要求考生根据语篇内容，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。考生只有正确把握文章的内在关系，理解文
12、章的真正含义，才可能作出准确的推断。一般题干主要包括六个动词：infer(推断)，indicate(象征，暗示)，imply(暗示)，suggest(暗示)，conclude(作出结论)和assume(假定，设想)。该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：1It can be inferred/concluded from the text that .2What can we infer/learn from.?3We can learn from the passage that .4The passage/story.indicates/suggests/implies that .二、解题
13、技巧关键词句细推敲第一步：定位细节根据题干提供的信息，抓住某一段话的关键信息(关键词语)。第二步：揣摩细节对原文中的信息进行分析，推理判断，利用逆向思维和正向推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。注意：1.切勿拿文章中的某一个细节内容作为推理的结论。2切勿脱离原文而凭个人看法主观臆断。例如：【真题感悟】中的28题，根据第一段最后一句“Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago，when the world had just five to ten million people，they spoke perhaps 12,000 la
14、nguages between them.”可知，一些语言专家认为，一万年前，当世界上只有500万到1 000万人时，他们之间可能说12 000种语言。由此可推断，采猎文明时期的语言种类很多。故选B。A(2018山西一模)Five weeks ago I had a total hip replacement surgery(髋关节置换手术)In Canada，we have great healthcare system.That means we get our new hips for free.My hip had been hurting me for years before I
15、went to the doctor.Of course，it was free.She referred me to a surgeon，but the earliest appointment was in 10 months.That is what being free gets you.Ten months later，after some free X-rays，the surgeon told me I needed a surgery，which was about an 18-month wait，for some senior citizens had been on th
16、e operation list.Another 18 months! I dragged myself out of the surgeons office.Walking through the hospital，I thought about the situation.As the 1breadwinner of a large family，I couldnt wait that long，so I had to get to the front line.I was fully aware of what a Canadian should be like (Canadians a
17、re usually considered gentle and caring)，but this time I really needed to fight for myself.At that very moment，in the shop window of the hospital，I saw a sign which read，“Volunteers Needed.” Suddenly，an idea occurred to meI would get the job.Fortunately，they 2signed me up immediately because the ave
18、rage age of the volunteers at the hospital was 75.They were desperate for some young blood.Every Friday morning，I was at the shop.While seeing the hospital 5staff，Id 3casually ask，“What do you do？” Then Id tell them，“Well，Im getting my hip replacedin 18 months.Its going to be so great when the pain
19、stops.” Soon，all the staff got to know me.Naturally，in my next appointment，the surgeon recognized me.Moments later，I had a surgery date just weeks away.I had to say it was actually my volunteering that got me to the front of the line.And Im not ashamed of it，for I intend to stick with the volunteeri
20、ng.Also，even when I cheated the system，I did it in a way that benefits society.语篇解读本文是一篇记叙文。作者需要做髋关节置换手术，在加拿大这种手术是免费的，但是需要等待很长时间，作者不能等待那么长的时间。于是她开始做志愿者接触医院的人，最终外科的员工也认识了作者，提前为她做了手术。作者认为尽管她欺骗了制度，但是她是以一种有益于社会的方式来做的这件事，是一笔公平的交易。1What can we infer from the second paragraph?AShe felt rather disappointed.
21、BShe couldnt walk because of the pain.CShe was too scared to have the surgery.DShe didnt believe what the surgeon said.答案A解+析推理判断题。根据第二段第三句“She referred me to a surgeon，but the earliest appointment was in 10 months.”和最后两句“Another 18 months! I dragged myself out of the surgeons office.”可知，作者要免费做髋关节置换
22、手术需要等待很长时间，作者慢吞吞地走出外科门诊。因此推断她感到非常失望。故选A。2Why did the writer decide to be a volunteer?ATo donate blood to the hospital.BTo get her new hip free of charge.CTo receive some tiny gifts from others.DTo approach the doctor for an early surgery.答案D解+析推理判断题。根据倒数第二段内容可知，作者做志愿活动时，看到医院里的职员就和他们闲谈，告诉他们自己非常希望做髋关节
23、置换手术，很快，所有的员工都认识了她，自然外科的员工也认识了她，数周之后，她就进行了手术。因此推断作者做志愿者是为了接近医生早做手术。故选D。3What did the author think of her cheating?AIt was a shame. BIt was a pride.CIt was beneficial. DIt was a fair 7deal.答案D解+析推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“And Im not ashamed of it，for I intend to stick with the volunteering.Also，even when I cheat
24、ed the system，I did it in a way that benefits society.”可知，作者并不感到羞愧，因为即使她欺骗了系统，她也是以一种有益于社会的方式来做的这件事。因此推断作者认为她的欺骗是一笔公平的交易。故选D。4Which can be the best title for the text?AHow I Got My New HipBThe Doctor Who Saved My LifeCHow to Be a Volunteer in HospitalDThe Problem of Canada Healthcare System答案A解+析标题归纳
25、题。纵观全文可知，作者需要做髋关节置换手术，在加拿大这种手术是免费的，但是需要等待很长时间，作者不能等待那么长的时间。于是她开始做志愿者接触医院的人，最终外科的员工也认识了作者，提前为她做了手术。作者认为尽管她欺骗了制度，但是她是以一种有益于社会的方式来做的这件事，是一笔公平的交易。因此推断A项“我如何得到我的新髋关节的”为最佳标题。故选A。 B(2018山东淄博一模)Recycling is essential in todays world.The most important reason for this is that human progress and industry have
26、 made it possible for people to have lots of things，and when people have many material possessions，they are bound to throw some of them away.This creates a lot of garbage which in turn destroys the environment.Recycling is a way for us to keep the world clean as 8items are broken down and used again
27、，preventing the littering of the environment.Instead of throwing all your garbage into the trash can，you should separate paper，metal，glass，and plastic into different containers.c-o/mpost should also be recycled as this is excellent food for farm animals and also makes for great fertilizer(肥料)You sho
28、uld try to buy products that have been recycled.You can see if an item has been made from recycled materials by its label; if its been recycled，it will say so.Also，instead of always buying new clothes，you can arrange to have a clothing 6swap with your friends.You bring clothes you dont want and pick
29、 items you want from what other people have brought.Not only does this save the environment，but it also saves your pocketbook.Remember，what is one persons junk can be someone elses treasure! The saying can be applied to all sorts of things：books，CDs，furniture，etc.Also，try shopping at second-hand sto
30、res，because they often have lots of items still in good shape for you to choose.Many countries have made it easy for people to recycle，as alongside the normal garbage trucks，special garbage trucks come and pick up recyclables.However，in many countries around the world the responsibility is left up t
31、o the 4individual to recycle.Therefore，it must be made a priority(优先考虑的事) in society so we can continue to make our environment livable.语篇解读在当今世界，回收是必不可少的。本文作者主要就回收提供了几点建议并呼吁每个人都应该对回收负起责任。5Why is more waste being made in todays world?APeople dislike the updated items.BPeople own abundant belongings.
32、CPeople intend to live a simple life.DPeople have made great progress in industry.答案B解+析细节理解题。根据第一段第二句可知，现在人们拥有丰富的物品。故选B。6What does the underlined word “this” in Paragraph 3 refer to?AExchanging clothes with friends.BShopping at second-hand stores.CThrowing away old clothes.DPicking up new items.答案A解+析词义猜测题。根据第三段中“Also，instead of always buying new clothes
