1、中考英语语法考点一点通中考英语语法一点通时态和语态中考英语语法一点通时态和语态知识清单时态1、动词常见的八种时态英语中一共有16种时态，初中阶段要求掌握下列八种时态：1、一般现在时：do/does2、一般过去时：did3、一般将来时：will/be going to do4、现在进行时：am/is/are/ doing5、现在完成时：have/has done6、过去进行时：was/were doing7、过去完成时：had done8、过去将来时：would/was going to do2、各种时态的用法1、一般现在时1 表示经常性或者习惯性发生的动作或存在的状态。I often take
2、 a bus to school.2 表示客观事实或者客观真理。The earth is round.Light travels faster than sound.3 当主句为一般将来时时，在以if, as soon as, until, when等引导的时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。When I grow up, I will go to America.If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we will go to the zoo.4 与一般现在时连用的时间状语有：always, usually, often, sometimes, on Sundays,
3、 every day, every morning, once a year等。2、一般过去时1 表示过去发生的动作或者存在的状态。We visited a farm last Sunday.When I was in the countryside, I used to swim in the river.2 表示过去的习惯或者经常发生的动作。When I was in the countryside, I used to swim in the river.3 与一般过去时连用的时间状语有：yesterday, last night, last week, three days ago,
4、in 1990, in the past, just now, the other day, at that time。3、一般将来时1 表示将来发生的动作或者存在的状态，结构为：will/shall+动词原形，will用于所有人称，shall只用于第一人称表示征求对方意见。Will you be back in two days?Where shall we meet tomorrow?注意：“will+动词原形”还可以表示愿意做某事或者客观性的将来。We will help him if he asks us.The sun will rise at 6:00 tomorrow morni
5、ng.2 “be going to+动词原形”表示计划、打算要做某事或者按照客观迹象表明要发生的事情。What are you going to do next Sunday?Look at the clouds. It is going to rain. 常与一般将来时连用的时间状语有：tomorrow, next week, in a few days等。4、现在进行时1 表示现在或者现阶段正在进行的动作或持续的状态。They are singing in the next room now.The students are working on the farm these days.2
6、 现在进行时表示将来的动作，这种结构的动词有：go, come, start, begin, arrive, leave等，表示即将发生的动作或者安排好要做的事情。We are leaving for Shanghai.The bus is coming soon. 常与现在进行时连用的时间状语和标志词有：now, these days, look, listen等。5、现在完成时1 表示发生在过去的或已经完成的对现在仍有影响的动作。I have lost my key.I have already seen the film.2 表示一个动作或者状态发生在过去，并持续到现在，可能还要持续下去
7、，常和“for+时间段”或者“since+时间点/从句”连用，这时只能用延续性动词。Mr. Zhang has taught English for 20 years.3 几个副词在现在完成时中的用法just意为“刚刚”，表示动作刚刚结束，常放在助动词与过去分词之间。He has just come back from America.ever意为“曾经”，用于疑问句和否定句中，放在助动词和过去分词之间。Have you ever been to London?never意为“从来没有”，常与before连用，放在助动词和过去分词之间。I have never been to Beijing
8、before.before意为“以前”，指过去不确定的某个时候，总放在句末。I have never heard of this singer before.4 延续性动词和非延续性动词在现在完成时中的用法现在完成时可表示动作从过去某个时候开始一直持续到现在，与一段时间连用时谓语动词必须是延续性动词，非延续动词不能和一段时间连用。我离开家乡已有10年了。误：I have left my hometown for 10 years.正：I have been away from my hometown for 10 years.非延续性动词若与一段时间连用，必须转换为延续性动词，常见的情况如下：
9、buyhave borrowkeep openbe openclosebe closed begin/startbe on comebe hergobe there diebe dead catch a coldhave a coldfall asleepbe asleep joinbe in/be a member of leavebe away常与现在进行时连用的时间状语有：already, yet, never, ever, just, so far, up to now, until now, by now, in the past/last few years, for+一段时间，s
10、ince+时间点/从句。6、过去进行时1 表示过去某一时刻或者一段时间正在进行的动作，常和表示过去的时间状语连用如then, at that time, this time yesterday, at ten yesterday。I was reading when my mother came in.2 过去进行时常用于when和while引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句中。When the teacher came in, we were talking loudly.While the family were having dinner, the doorbell rang.3 go, c
11、ome, leave, arrive, start等动词的过去进行时表示过去按计划即将发生的动作。7、过去完成时1 过去完成时指的是到过去某个时间为止已经完成的动作或者状态，简单地说就是“过去的过去”。过去完成时在句中使用时一般必须有一个或暗含一个发生在过去的动作作为参照，使用过去完成时的动词动作发生在过去动作之前。He had finished his homework before he went to bed.2 常与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：by last week, by the end of last year。Just as I got to the school gate,
12、I realized I had left my book in the cafe.8、过去将来时1 过去将来时表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常用在宾语从句中，结构为“would+动词原形”。He asked when the meeting would start.2 用“was/were going to+动词原形”表示过去曾经打算或准备要做的事情。He was going to start a new job when I saw him then.被动语态1、被动语态的构成1、被动语态的基本结构为：be+done（及物动词）2、被动语态的各种时态形式如下表：时态结构形
13、式例句一般现在时am/is/are doneThe classroom is cleaned by us.一般过去时was/were doneThe kite was made by him.现在进行时am/is/are being doneThe flowers are being watered by her.现在完成时have/has been doneThe work has been finished by Jim.一般将来时will/shall be doneTrees will be planted by them tomorrow.过去进行时was/were being don
14、eA letter was being written by her this time yesterday.过去完成时had been doneThe work had been done by Jim by last week.过去将来时would be doneHe said a kite would be made by him.含有情态动词can/may/must/should be doneHe can be found by me.2、被动语态的使用场合1、不知道动作执行者是谁。The window was broken yesterday.2、没有必要指出动作执行者是谁。Man
15、y tall buildings are built in our city every year.3、强调或者突出动作承受者。English is taught in our school.4、动作的发出者不是人。Most of the houses were destroyed in the earthquake.三、主动语态变被动语态1、基本变化主动句： 执行者（主语）+ 谓语动词 + 承受者（宾语）被动句： 承受者（主语）+ be + 过去分词 + by + 执行者注意： （1）有时by+执行者可以省略。 （2）主动句的时态是由谓语动词来体现的，而被动句的 时态是由be动词来体现的。被
16、动语态的否定式: 在第一个助动词后加not构成。被动语态的疑问式：把第一个助动词提到主语之前,句尾加问号构成。典型例句：主动句： The workers built the bridge.被动句： The bridge was built by the workers. 2、带有双宾语的谓语动词变被动语态谓语动词带双宾语时，既可以将间接宾语转化成主语，也可以将直接宾语转化成主语。若将间接宾语转化成主语，则保留直接宾语；若将直接宾语转化成主语，则保留间接宾语，且在间接宾语前加上介词to或for。He gave me a book.I was given a book.A book was giv
17、en to me.3、动词短语变为被动语态许多有不及物动词和其它词构成的动词短语，相当于及物动词，可以有宾语，也可以有被动语态。动词短语是一个不可分割的整体，在变为被动语态时，不可丢掉构成动词短语的介词或副词。We should take good care of the children.The children should be taken good care of.4、带复合宾语的动词变为被动语态宾语加上宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语，变被动语态时，只把宾语变为被动语态的主语，宾语补足语保留在原处，成为主语补足语。I saw some boys playing football in th
18、e playground.Some boys were seen playing football in the playground.5、被动语态后动词形式的选择。主动句中的感官动词see, hear, watch, feel, notice等以及使役动词let, make, have等，后跟省略to的不定式作宾补，变为被动句时，应加上不定式符号to。The boss made the workers work twelve hours a day.The workers were made to work twelve hours a day.We often hear the girl
19、sing in her room in the evening.The girl is often heard to sing in her room in the evening.难点突破1、现在完成时和一般过去时的区别方面时态意义及用法区别举例侧重点不同现在完成时与现在有关的时态，属于现在时间范畴，侧重过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响I have seen the film already.一般过去时是一种过去时态，侧重于表示过去的动作，与现在无关I went to Nantong yesterday.时间状语不同现在完成时already, yet, just, so far, until
20、now, up to now, by now, ever, never, before, in the past/last few years, for, sinceHave you ever picked flowers or stepped on the grass in a park?一般过去时.ago, yesterday, last., just now, in 1990My father bought this bike five years ago.2、have been to, have gone to和have been in的区别1、have been in 表示“在某地（
21、多长时间）”，常与表示一段时间的状语连用。Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for three days. 布朗来上海已经有三天了。They have been in Canada for five years. 他们到加拿大有五年了。2、have been to表示“曾经去过某地”，现在已经不在那里了，可与just, ever, never等连用。Mary has never been to the Great Wall. 玛丽从未去过长城。have (has) been to 后面可接次数，表示去过某地几次。They have been to that vill
22、age several times. 他们去过那个村庄好几次了。3、have gone(to)表示“到某地去了”，表示到了某地或正在去某地的途中。总之，说话时该人不在现场，常用于第三人称。-Where is Tom? 汤姆在哪里？-He has gone to the bookshop. 他到书店去了。3、一般过去时和过去进行时的区别时态意义及用法举例一般过去时一般来说，强调过去某个时间或者某段时间曾有过某个（已完成）的动作I wrote a letter yesterday evening.过去进行时强调动作在过去某个时间或某段时间内正在进行I was writing a letter ye
23、sterday evening.4、主动结构表示被动含义1、有些动词和well, badly, easily等副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或性能，常见的有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook等。This kind of pens writes very smoothly.2、感官类系动词look, sound, taste, smell, feel等系动词用主动形式表示被动含义。School uniforms look great on sun.The cake smells delicious.3、be worth doing用主动形式表示被动意义。Th
24、is film is worth seeing.4、want/need/require+doing相当于want/need/require to be done。My bike needs repairing.=My bike needs to be repaired.5、不用被动语态的情况1、些不及物动词或短语没有被动语态，如：take place, break out, belong to, rise, happen, lie等。The material feels soft. 这种材料摸起来很软和。The food tastes delicious. 这食物尝起来很好吃。The pop
25、music sounds beautiful. 流行音乐听起来很好听。解题秘诀1、直接根据题干中给出的时间状语选用正确的时态是解决时态题最简便的方法。2、很多时态题不直接给出时间状语，考生要通过对上下文语境的分析判断得出正确的时态。3、时态和语态经常交织在一起考查，所以既要分析动作发生的时间，又要搞清楚主语和谓语之间的主被动关系。易错题型1. -There is someone knocking at the door. -It must be the computer repairman. I him to come to fix my computer.A. call B. have ca
26、lled C. called D. will call2. -I suppose you are at least 60 years old. -Thank you. Im glad you that. My real age is 62.A. say B. said C. are saying D. were saying3. -What about the pen you bought yesterday? -It well. I like it very much.A. was written B. is written C. wrote D. writes4. -Mike, I hav
27、ent seen your elder sister for a long time. -She Hong Kong on business for a few days.A. went to B. has gone to C. has been to D. has been in5. -Did you see Betty just now? -Yes. She someone, so I nodded to her and went away.A. phoned B. is phoning C. was phoning D. has phoned6. -Mike, I havent seen
28、 your elder sister for a long time. -She Hong Kong on business for a few days.A. went to B. has gone to C. has been to D. has been in7. -Oh , dear! A power cut!-Sorry, I didnt know you the washing machine .A. are using B. used C. use D. were using8. Too many people were absent. The chairperson warne
29、d that he the meeting if necessary.A. would cancel B. cancelled C. would start D. started9. Mike used to be a top student, but he behind since he lost himself in computer games.A. fell B. has fallen C. was D. has been10. -Where is your son Jimmy living now? -He the city of Zhenjiang, China.A. went to B. has been to C. has gone to D. had gone to参考答案1-5 CBDDC 6-10 DDCBC
