1、非谓语动词用法总结非谓语动词用法总结非谓语动词是历年高考英语的重要考点之一，同时也是较难掌握的难点之一。它贯穿于英语学习和考试过程的始终。但是，只要认真分析、透彻理解、看透本质、准确把握，就一定能在高考中运筹帷幄，游刃有余。一非谓语动词区别简表 类别区别to dodoingdone含义主动被动同位或将来主动或（正在）进行被动或完成成分（名词）主语、宾语、表语（不定式）定语、状语、补语（动名词）主语、宾语、表语、定语（表用途）(现在分词)定语、状语、补语（过去分词）作定语、状语、补语、表语（多表状态）否定（not）to do(not)doing(not)done时态一般：to do进行：to b
2、e doing完成：to have done一般：doing进行：本身完成：having done（只作状语）一般：done进行：无完成：本身 语态一般被动：to be done 进行被动：to be being done完成被动：to have been done一般被动:being done 进行被动：being done完成被动： having been done本身作用作目的状语、条件状语、原因状语、结果状语 作时间状语、条件状语、原因状语、结果状语、方式状语、伴随状语、让步状语作时间状语、条件状语、原因状语、方式状语、伴随状语、让步状语二不定式的用法 不定式不可作谓语，但它可以有自己
3、的宾语、状语，构成不定式短语，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语（表用途）、状语或补足语。高考对不定式的考查主要有不定式的时态、语态、作用、否定、省略、连词不定式等。作主语不定式作主语表示具体的动作，通常指一件已知的事或目的。不定式作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 eg:To say is a thing,to do is another.(说是一回事，做是另外一回事。)（2）不定式短语较长时，通常放在谓语之后，用it作形式主语。eg:It is important to learn English well.(学好英语是重要的。) It is necessary for us to do the
4、job well.(我们做好这项工作是必要的。)It is a great honor to be invited to give a speech here.(被邀请在这儿发表演讲是一个极大的荣幸。)2.作宾语（1）常只用不定式作宾语的动词有：want,wish,hope,long,expect,desire,intend,decide,ask,promise,aim,offer,agree,plan,learn,choose,refuse,fail,manage,pretend等。 eg:He refused to help me.(他拒绝帮助我.)She has agreed to co
5、me tomorrow.(他已同意明天来.)(2) 不定式较长时，作宾语，也可用it代替，放在后面。 eg;I find it difficult to do the job well.(3) “特殊疑问词不定式to do结构”具有名词特征，可作宾语。eg:She didnt know whether to go or not. They havent decided when and where to build the school.（4）不定式可作介but,except,besides(除之外)的宾语，介词前有实义动词do的任何一种形式，后边的不定式就无to,否则必带to。eg:I wa
6、nt to do nothing but play the computer games。 I have no choice but to wait。3.动词不定式作表语（1）不定式作表语放在be和其他系动词后，说明主语的内容。同样，“特殊疑问词不定式”具有名词特征，也可作表语。eg:My job is to sweep the floor. His goal was to enter the key university of Beijing.The first question is how to find a better way to learn English well. (2)不定
7、式作主语时，表语也必须为不定式，结构必须保持一致。eg:To see is to believe.(3)如果主语部分的谓语动词或非谓语动词是实义动词do的某种形式，那么作表语的不定式可以省去to.eg:The first thing to do is find her. The only thing he could do was tell the truth.4.不定式作定语不定式作定语常放在所修饰的名词或代词后。eg:I have something important to tell you.(不定式与被修饰名词构成被动关系。) His wish to an artist has nev
8、er come true.( 不定式与被修饰名词构成同位关系。) He is the right man to do the job. ( 不定式与被修饰名词构成主动关系。) The little girl was unhappy because she had no friends toplay with. ( 不定式与被修饰名词构成主动关系。)（注：若不定式为不及物动词，其后须加上相应的介词。)5.不定式作状语不定式作状语主要是表示目的、条件、原因和结果，可位于句首或句末，但句首时通常用逗号隔开。eg:We set off early that morning to catch the f
9、irst bus.（目的） To get a good result,she worked very hard.（目的） I feel it an honor to be invited to the party.(条件) She was very happy to get the first prize.(原因) He worked hard only to fail.(结果)(注：1.不定式常用在so as 或in order后,与它们一起作谓语，表示目的，但so as引起的不定式不可置于句首。eg:In order to avoid mistakes,check your homewor
10、k. 2.不定式表目的常和only连用，往往表示出乎意料的意想不到的不愿得到的结果。eg:He hurried to the station only to find the train had left.)3“形容词enough不定式”和“too形容词或副词（不表情感）不定式” 也可作结果状语。 eg:He is old enough to go to school. He is too weak to raise the stone.但“too表情感形容词（pleased,ready,glad,willing,anxious等）to do”表示肯定意义，too前面可用only,but等词修
11、饰。eg:They were (only) too anxious to leave.(他们只是太急于离开了。) She is (only) too pleased to go home.(她非常高兴可以回家了。)6.不定式作补语不定式作补语表示动作的完成。宾语与作补语的不定式之间是主动关系。（1）后接动词不定式作宾补的常见动词有：want,wish,expect,prefer,like,hate,ask,beg,request,require,beg,get,advise,persuade,invite,order,remind,permit,allow,send,callon,wouldl
12、ike/love,arrange for,depend on等。eg:She wanted me to arrive there early. Our headmaster call on us to work hard.（2）动词不定式可作感官动词（五看二听一感觉即：see,look at,watch,observe,notice，hear,listen to，feel）和使让动词（let,make,have等）后面的宾补时，不定式符号to要省略，但如果句子变被动结构，必须带to.表示动作的完成。eg:He made them climb the hill. They were made t
13、o climb the hill.(3)动词不定式可作形容词的补足语动词不定式可作形容词的补足语，句型为：(一)主语系动词表语（adj为convenient/easy/expensive/difficult/hard/impossible/pleasent等）to do.(注：to do常用主动表被动，其中do为vt,主语为to do的宾语。)（二）主语find/think/consider/believe等宾语adjto do.(注：其中to do常用主动表被动，其中do为vt,主语为to do的宾语。)：He is easy to fool （）“特殊疑问词不定式to do”具有名词特征，
14、可作宾补。(谓语动词多为show,know,teach,tell等。)eg:Ill tell you how to get there7不定式作评注性状语或插入语不定式可以作评注性状语或插入语,放在句子前面、中间或末尾。常见的有to be frank,to be honest,to tell the truth,to begin with，to start with,to be short等。eg:To begin with,I thinkyou are wrong.三动名词用法动名词具有动词和名词的特点，有一般式和完成式，有主动式和被动式，可作主语、宾语、表语和定语.否定形式在其前面加not
15、.（1）动名词作主语动名词作主语表示抽象动作，指一件已知的事或经验。eg:Driving a car on the crowded road is boring. Reading is my hobby.（2）常只用动名词作宾语的动词有：admit,avoid,appreciate,consider（考虑）dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,finish,imagine,keep,mind,miss,practise,risk,resist,suggest等。eg:I cant imagine marrying her. She managed to escape bein
16、g punished.以下动词词组后面只接动名词作宾语：give up,belong to,look forward to,keep on,insist on,be busy,get down to,be devoted to,have difficulty/trouble(in),have agood/wonderful time (in)等。eg:Im looking forward to hearing from you soon. He gave up smoking three years.(3)动名词可作表语动名词可作表语，一般为主语的内容.表示一般性或习惯性的动作。在概念上可以和
17、主语划等号。把主语和表语倒过来，句子的基本含义不变。eg:His hobby is painting.(4)动名词可作定语动名词可作定语，表示所修饰事物的功能或用途。eg:He often studies in the reading room.四现在分词现在分词具有动词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中作定语、状语、补语和表语。1作定语现在分词作定语，单个v.-ing放在被修饰的名词前；如果短语作定语，则放在所修饰词的后面。动词-ing作定语和被修饰词之间为主动关系，表示动作正在同时进行或经常性发生。eg:the falling leavesthe leaves which are falling
18、 the rising sunthe sun which is rising I saw him go into the house facing south.2作状语动词-ing或其短语作状语时，可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、方式、伴随等。表示时间关系的动词-ing短语可由连词while或when引出。eg:Hearing the news,they got excited.(时间)Having finished his homework,she was playing on the playground.(原因)Studying hard,you are sure to get t
19、he first prize.(条件)3作补语现在分词作补语表示动作正在进行，宾语与作补语的现在分词之间是主动关系。后面常接现在分词作宾补的动词有感官动词（五看二听一感觉see,look at,watch,observe,notice,hear,listen to,feel）使让动词（have,get）以及其他类动词leave,keep,catch,set等。表示动作正在进行。eg:I saw them playing games on the playground yesterday. Dont leave him waiting outside the room.作表语现在分词作表语相当于
20、形容词，常表示主语所具有的特征，含有主动意味。大多数使动词的现在分词通常可作表语，常见的有：interesting,amusing,boring,tiring,pleasing,exciting,moving,disappointing,surpring,encouraging等。eg:His story was very moving. The speech is really boring.作评注性状语或插入语可以作评注性状语或插入语,放在句子前面、中间或末尾。五过去分词过去分词既有副词的特征又有动词的特征，在句中可作定语、状语、补语、表语等成分。（1）作定语过去分词作定语，它和被修饰词之
21、间是被动、完成关系，单个过去分词作定语放在前，过去分词短语作定语放在后。其中及物动词的过去分词表示完成或被动概念，不及物动词的过去分词只表示完成概念，没有被动的意味。eg: the risen sun the sun which has risen fallen leavesleaves which has fallen This is the house built several years ago.This is the house which was built sveral years ago.(2)作状语过去分词在句中作状语，说明动作发生的背景或情况。它和被修饰词之间是被动关系。它
22、在句中可以作时间、条件、原因、方式、让步和伴随状语。eg:Tired out,they stopped to have a rest.(原因) Taken around the city,we were impressed by the citys new look. Though warned of the danger ,he still went skating on the thin ice. (3)作补语及物动词的过去分词作补语，和宾语之间构成被动关系。不及物动词的过去分词作宾补表状态和完成。(1)可以带过去分词作宾补的动词有感官动词（五看二听一感觉），使役动词have,get,ma
23、ke等，以及其他类动keep,leave,like,want,wish等。eg:I cant get the car going. I had my leg broken last week. （4）作表语过去分词作表语表示被动意义，主语常是人，一般用来表示感受和状态，可以用作表语的常见的过去分词有：astonished,delighted,disappointed,excited,experienced,exhausted,frightened,interested,puzzled,qualitied,satisfied,upset等,有些过去分词作表语实际上已经构成固定短语。如：be in
24、terested in,be satisfied with,be covered with,be dressed in,be seated,be locked等。能用这些分词作表语的系动词有be,get,remain,stay等。eg:The door remained locked. We were greatly encouraged when we heard the speech.六非谓语动词的独立结构非谓语动词的独立结构为“名词或代词非谓语动词” 或“with名词/代词非谓语动词”。在语法上是一个独立的短语，不是句子（即：非谓语动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致，须保留之后所构成的结构）
25、。可放在句首或句尾。(一) 名词或代词非谓语动词（1）名词/代词不定式名词或代词通常为动作的执行者，与不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系，可位于句首或句末。eg:He will send me 100 first,the rest to follow in a year.(2) 名词/代词现在分词名词或代词通常为现在分词所表示的动作的执行者，与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。eg:Time permiting,we finish the work.(表条件) Spring coming on,the trees turns green.(表时间)（3）名词/代词过去分词名词或代词通常为过去分词所表示的动
26、作的承受者。与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表关系。eg: The sigal given,the bus started. Their strength exhausted,they sank down one by one.(表原因)（二）with名词/代词非谓语动词（1）with名词/代词不定式不定式和宾语之间是被动关系，表示动作尚未发生。eg:With nothing to do,they went out for a walk.（表原因） (2)with名词/代词现在分词宾语和动词-ing之间是主动关系，表示的动作和谓语动词的动作同时发生。eg:The boy slept with
27、 the light burning.（表伴随）(3) with名词/代词过去分词不定式和宾语之间是被动关系，表示动作已经完成。eg:They stayed inside with the door locked.（表伴随）七非谓语动词的区别问题（一）动词后接to do不定式还是动名词（1）只能接to do不定式的动词有：want,wish,hope,long,expect,desire,intend,decide,ask,promise,aim,offer,agree,plan,learn,choose,refuse,fail,manage,pretend等。（2）常只用动名词作宾语的动词有
28、：admit,avoid,appreciate,consider（考虑）dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,finish,imagine,keep,mind,miss(错过),practise,risk,resist,suggest等。（3）动词后二者都可跟，意义不同的有：forget to do sth 忘记要做某事forget doing sth 忘记做过某事regret to do sth 后悔要做某事regret doing sth 后悔做过某事go on to do sth 接着做另外一件事go on doing sth 接着做同一件事stop to do sth
29、 停下来开始做某事stop doing sth 停止做某事try to do sth 尽力做某事try doing sth 试着做某事mean to do sth 打算（意欲，企图）做某事mean doing sth 意味着做某事cant help （to） do sth 不能帮忙做某事cant help doing sth 情不自禁地做某事 （4）动词后二者都可跟，意义相同的有：begin,start,like,love,prefer,hate等。但是区别在于：后接动名词时表示经常性的动作，后接不定式时表示的是具体的特定的动作。eg:I like playing football,but I
30、 dont like play now.重点提示：在下列情况下begin和start后只接不定式：.主语是物不是人。eg:Spring came on and the snow began to melt.二者用于进行时 eg:Its begin to rain.二者后接表示心理活动或状态的动词。 eg:I began to realize how stupid I was.二者后接不定式的被动式。 eg:The new type of computer began to be developed in the 1980s.（二）“感官动词宾语宾补（to do sth/doing sth）”的区别感官动词宾语宾补（to do sth）表示事实或全过程感官动词宾语宾补（doing sth）表示片段或进行eg:The missing boys were last seen playing near the river. Did you see a pencil-box lying on the ground just now.(三)个别“使让动词宾语宾补”的特别词的用法1）have宾语宾补 have宾语do“让做某事”，不定式作宾补可以指现在、将来或可能发生的动作。eg:They had me repeat the message.
