1、自考国际商务英语汉译英（一）1.国际贸易一般指不同国家当事人进行的交易，它涉及到许多因素。因而比国内贸易要复杂的多。International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. It involves mort factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business.2.随着经济一体化进程的发展，很少人和公司能完全独立于国际商务之外而存在。因此，在此方面具有一定的知识是十分必要的，这既有益于企业的发展，又有益于个人的进步
2、。With the development of economic globalization, few people or companies can completely stay away from international business. Therefore, some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement.3.其他参与国际贸易的形式有管理合同，承包生产和“交钥匙”工程。Other forms for participa
3、ting in international business are management contract, contract manufacturing, and turnkey project.4.国际贸易最初以商品贸易的形式出现，即在一国生产或制造商品而出口或进口到另一国进行消费或转售。International business first took the form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumptio
4、n or resale in another.5.除了国际贸易和投资，国际许可和特许经营有时也是进入国际市场的一种方式。Besides trade and investment, international licensing and franchising are some times taken as a means of entering a foreign market.（二）1.国民生产总值和国内生产总值是表明一国收入的两个重要概念，区别在于前者强调的是生产要素的所属权而后者着重于进行生产的国家。GNP and GDP are two important concepts used
5、to indicate a countrys income. The difference between GNP and GDP is that the former focuses on ownership of the factors of production while the latter concentrates on the place where production takes place.2.要估评某一市场的潜力，人们往往要分析其收入水平，因为它为那里居民的购买力高低提供了线索。In assessing the potential of a market, people
6、often look at its income level since it provides clues about the purchasing power of its residents.3.世界各国被世界银行分为三大领域，高收入国家、中等收入国家和低收入国家。Countries of the world are divided by the World Bank into three categories of high-income, middle income and low income.4.中国现在的年人均收入为1100美元以上，但几年前它还是个低收入国家。China wi
7、th an annual per capita income of over $1100 is a middle income country though it was a low income country just a few years ago.5.就中国来说，周围还有其他应特别关注的市场，如亚洲四小虎，东盟国家，俄罗斯等国，这些国家都具有前景看好的市场潜力，能为中国提供很好的商机。As far as China is concerned, other markets we should pay particular attention to are those around us:
8、 the Four Tigers, the ASEAN countries, Russia, etc. Those are countries with very promising market potential and can offer good business opportunities to China.(三)1.过去的几十年，地区经济一体化越来越严重。The past decades witnessed increasingly growing importance of regional economic integration.3.经济联盟的成员国不仅要在税收、政府开支、企
9、业策略等方面保持一致，而且还应适用同一的货币。The members of an economic union are required not only to harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies, etc, but also use the same currency.4.欧洲委员会是欧盟的管理机构之一，此机构将提议呈交给部长理事会做决定，并监督各成员国根据所制定的条约履行自己的义务。The European Commission is one of the governing organs
10、of the EU. It is the body which puts proposals to the Council of Ministers for decision and sees that the members carry out their duties under the treaty.5.APEC建立与在澳大利亚首都堪培拉召开的一次部长级会议上。APEC was set up at the Ministerial Meeting held in the Australia capital Canberra.6.著名的自由贸易区是北美自由贸易区，它是由美国、加拿大和墨西哥于
11、1991年建立的。The most notable free trade area is the North American Free Trade Area, the largest free market formed by the United States, Canada and Mexico in 1991.(四)1.经济全球化为世界经济发展提供了新的动力和机会, 同时也使各经济体更加相互依赖、相互影响。Economic globalization is giving new impetus and opportunities to world economic developmen
12、t and meanwhile making the various economies more and more interdependent and interactive.2.跨国公司是在一个以上国家拥有、控制和经营资产的商业组织。A multinational enterprise is a business organization that owns, controls and manages assents in more than one country.3.许多人欢呼经济全球带来的好处，但同时也有强烈的反对声音。An MNE may also have various re
13、gional or operational headquarters, in addition to international headquarters.4.跨国公司的内部交换在整个国际贸易的一个很大的比例。The transfer of the intra-MNE transactions constitutes a very significant proportion of total international trade.#5.尽管公司的日常管理工作下放到跨国企业的子公司，但重要决策，如有关公司和新投资等都由母公司来决定。Although the day-to-day runnin
14、g of corporate operations may be decentralized to the affiliate MNCS, the major decisions, such at those on corporate goals and new investments are made by the parent company.6.无论人们是否喜欢，经济全球化已成为世界经济发展中的一个客观趋势。Like it or not, economic globalization has become an objective trend in world economic deve
15、lopment.（五）1.在复杂的经济世界中，没有一个国家可以完全自给自足。In the complex economic world, no country can be completely self-sufficient.2.随着制造业和技术的发展，出现了另一个刺激贸易的因素，即国际专业化。With the development of manufacturing and technology, there arose another incentive for trade, i.e. international specialization.3.按照比较利益学说，两个贸易伙伴均可从贸易
16、中得到好处。According to the theory on comparative advantage both trade partners can benefit from trade. 4.比较利益并不是一个静止的概念，一个国家可以通过自己的行为发展某种特定的比较利益。Comparative advantage is not a static concept. A country may develop a particular comparative advantage through its own action.5.比较利益理论已成为现代国际贸易思想的基石。The idea
17、of comparative advantage has become the cornerstone of modern thinking on international trade.6.根据绝对利益理论，只有当一个国家生产的某一商品对另一个国家具有绝对优势时，贸易才会发生。According to the absolute advantage theory, trade occurs only when each country has an absolute advantage over the other in the production of one commodity.（六）1
18、.一件商品的成本会因生产规模扩大而减小。The cost of a product will decrease with the expansion of production scale.2.在实际中，即使完全的专业化在经济上有利，也可能永远不会发生。In reality, complete specialization may never take place even though it is economically advantageous.#3.配额或者说数量限制是最常见的关税壁垒。Quotas or quantitative restrictions are the most c
19、ommon form of non-tariff barriers.4.国家从事贸易种类是多样的，复杂的，往往是有形贸易和无形贸易的混合。The kinds of trade nations engage in are varied and complex, often a mixture of visible and invisible trade.5.贸易不是建立在两个国家生产能力上而是建立在不同的消费偏好上。Trade will be based not on difference in the production capabilities of the two countries b
20、ut on different consumption preferences.6.各国政府经常采取的贸易保护主义措施是贸易壁垒，典型的例子是关税和配额。Protectionist measures which are often taken by governments are also barriers to trade and typical examples are tariffs and quotas.7.由于战略或国内的原因，一个国家可能继续生产不具备优势的产品。For strategic or domestic reasons, a country may continue to
21、 produce goods for which it does not have an advantage.8.有形贸易指货物的进出口贸易而无形贸易涉及的是国家间的劳务交换。Visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between countries.（七）1.包装需按运输的要求进行，在大多数情况下，卖方明确知道把货物安全地运到目的地所需要的包装。Packing shou
22、ld be made according to the requirement of transportation. In most cases, the seller knows clearly the particular type of packing required for transporting the goods safely to destination.2.在许可情况下，应通知买方在卖方将货物启运之时或之前安排验货。除非合同另有规定，否则卖方必须支付为其自身利益而安排的验货费用。In many cases, the buyer shall be notified to go
23、 through the inspection of goods at or before the time of shipment. Unless otherwise specified, the buyer is supposed to undertake the charges of inspection thus incurred for his own sake.3.进口商可以通过可转让的运输单据将货物在运输途中卖给新的卖方，这类可转让单据用起来非常方便。The importer can sell the goods to a new buyer while they are bei
24、ng carried by means of negotiable shipping documents which are very convenient for use.5.2000年对国际贸易术语解释通则的修改考虑了无关税区的发展，商务活动中电子通讯使用的增加以及运输方式的变化。The 2000 revision of Incoterms took account of the spread of customs-free zones, the increased use of electronic communication, and the changes in transport
25、practices.6.如果货物丢失或受损或因某种原因没有运到，买卖双方的信任就会下降可能会严重到引起法律纠纷的地步。If they are lost or damaged, or if delivery does not take place for some other reason, the climate of confidence between parties may degenerate to the point where a law suit is brought.7.买卖双方在制定合同时，如果有理解一致的具体规则可供参考，他们就肯定简单可靠的确定各自的责任。If, when
26、 drawing up their contract, buyer and seller have some commonly understood rules to specifically refer to , they can be sure of defining their respective responsibilities simply and safely.(八)1.合同依法实施，未能履行合同义务的一方可能受到起诉，并被强制做出赔偿。A contract is enforceable by law, and the party that fails to fulfill hi
27、s contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation.2.口头业务协商指的是面对面的直接谈判或通过国际长途电话进行的商谈。Oral business negotiations refer to face-to-face discussions or those conducted through international trunk calls.#3.买方发出的询盘时为了获得拟定购商品的有关信息，它对发出询盘的人无约束力。Enquiries made by the buyer are to get info
28、rmation about the goods to be ordered and are not binding on the inquirer.#4.有效期对于实盘是必不可少的。在规定的时间之前，或在被对方接受或拒绝之前发盘一直是有效的。The validity period is indispensable to a firm offer, that remains valid until a stipulated time or until it is accepted or rejected.5.还盘是对发盘的拒绝，一旦做出还盘，原报盘即将失效而失去约束力。A counter-off
29、er is a refusal of the offer which will be invalid and unbinding once a counter-offer is made.6.还盘可以针对发盘中的价格、付款条件、装运时间或其他条款而提出。A counter-offer may be made in relation to the price, terms of payments, time of shipment or other terms and conditions of the offer.7.合同背面的规定是合同的组成部分，对合同双方同样具有约束力。The stipu
30、lations on the back of the contract are constituent parts of the contract and are equally binding upon the contraction parties.（九）1. 对销贸易一般是与有关国家的政治目标相互联系的，如应对外汇短缺和扩大出口之类的问题。As counter trade often takes place in less developed economies and in centrally planned economies, it is often related with po
31、licy objectives in these countries.2. 实际上，反向贸易指的是各种货物和服务的直接交换。Fundamentally, counter trade refers to the direct exchange of assorted kinds of goods and services.3. 回购贸易和互购贸易之间另一个重要的区别在于回购贸易一般比互购贸易要延续更长一段时间。Another important difference is that a buyback deal usually stretches over a longer period of
32、time the a counter purchase deal.4. 在正常的市场交易中，由于使用货币及市场手段，货物的买与卖是分别进行的。In normal market transactions buying and selling of goods are unbundled because of the use of money and the market.5.尽管有很多好处，反向贸易可能是风险很大的事。Despite all its advantage, counter trade can be very risky business.6. 在其他贸易方式中还有加工贸易、寄售、租赁贸易、代理等。Among other modes of trade are processing trade, consignment, leasing trade, agency etc.7. 对销贸易成为一个将卖方的出口，从买方的进口联系起来的跨国界合同的术语总称。Counter trade ha
